Platinum Box Case Essay

The main problem in this Platinum case is the decision whether or not to single source to Jabaking with the expansion of printing equipment. Because Conrad of Jabaking was instrumental to helping Platinum find their feet and establish its ground in the printing industry in 1992 does not necessarily mean Platinum press has to be indebted to Jabaking thirteen years after. Even though Conrad has always hinted Jim Hicza since 1992 that he expects that Platinum will reward them for the favour in future, business decisions have to made at crucial times even as long term business relationships still has to be sustained. Platinum will have to blend these two crucial business principles if it wants to continue to grow in the business industry. One way to get this done is by exploring potential opportunities , long-term, in working with Jabaking to help them upgrade their equipment and technology system to meet current market demands long term while also purchasing the services of Pnutype because of the technically sound environmental equipment. That way Platinum will sustain the long term relationship with Jabaking as well as tapping from the high quality equipment Pnutype has to offer for the purposes of establishing firmly and gaining goodwill in the new US market. Therefore, for the immediate solution, Platinum Press should engage multiple sourcing for this new US market venture for the following reasons: 1) This will help keep Jabaking competitive and on their toes for continuous improvement and to be able to provide better value. 2) Multisourcing will help minimize the risk of Jabaking’s or any other supplier’s failure. Especially in terms of providing high quality equipment in a time where quality ranks high on the evaluation matrix of purchasers. As we already know from the case that Jabaking does have a reputation of having very good quality product but not necessarily the highest quality. 3) Jabaking may not necessarily have sufficient capacity or skills to meet the new market need. 4) Multisourcing will give Platinum Press an opportunity to test and discover potential expert suppliers in the industry. 5) Multisourcing will also help reduce and/or avoid Platinum’s dependence on Jabaking alone and avoid Jabaking gaining business leverage. Criteria In this case, a good decision will result in a situation that strengthens Platinum’s Press bargaining position and not weaken it. Platinum Press’ position is weak when there is only one known provider of the product or service—as in a sole source or single source deal. Therefore, competition is the best way to quickly arrive at market price level. This competitive factor will be missing in sole/single source negotiations with Jabaking. Careful bid structuring results in apples-to-apples comparisons for each bidder. Platinum Press Inc. strives to collect a minimum of three viable bids for each procurement effort. Bids are tabulated into a matrix that lists all vendors and fields of comparison. Each vendor is asked to submit bids with prices broken out for effective comparisons. In view of the problem issues outlined above, there has to be clarify in terms of the negotiation technique in question. We need to specify if the negotiation is for competitive reasons as in the case of Pnutype and Merakuri Press or if it is solely for the aim of collaborating with Jabaking to help them enhance and develop their equipment quality especially as Platinum Press is someone indebted to Jabaking. The decision of which method on negotiation to apply rest solely on Jim Hicza. However, as mentioned earlier, competitive negotiation should be applied immediately while collaborative negotiation should be applied for long-term product development assistance for Jabaking. Differentiating Between Competitive and Collaborative Negotiations Most supply management professionals certainly would prefer to begin each acquisition from a position of strength derived from a competitive environment. Competition is a great way to level the playing field. Competitive bidding drives suppliers down to a market-efficient pricing environment where the negotiation process can work optimally. But to have a competitive environment in any acquisition, the following conditions must exist:  · Competition: First and foremost, there need to be a number of qualified suppliers in the targeted marketplace—that is, no single or sole source constraints.  · Ability to move: The buyer must be able to move the business away from the current provider; there can be no binding commitments, for example.  · Sufficient Volume: The buyer must have enough volume to warrant interest from a sufficient number of qualified bidders.  · Time for competition: Sufficient time must be available to proceed through the entire competitive process.  · Willingness to change: The buyer’s internal line of business groups must be willing to use any of the qualified bidders. When negotiations follow a structured bid process (RFP, RFQ, auction, and so forth) or when accurate cost data is known for the product or service in question, buyers can usually leverage a negotiation technique known as â€Å"competitive bargaining.† This is the traditional way of hammering out a deal, marked by hard discussions focused mainly on price and based upon concrete facts. Competitive bargaining can be applied in a wide range of circumstances, even including single-source supplier relationships where an attractive alternative or fall-back plan exists. Competitive bargaining works in many situations. Yet it’s not the best tactic for complex acquisitions where dynamics in addition to price are in play. It’s also not a good tactic when negotiating from a position of weakness which can be argued for in this case with Jim Hicza and Conrad of Jabaking. The collaborative style is best suited for more complex negotiations, including ones where you’re â€Å"negotiating out of a hole,† which can be the present situation Platinum Press in it right now in that they are somewhat indebted to Jabaking. Collaborative negotiations:  · Focus on mutual problem solving in a collaborative fashion. The use of positive group problem-solving techniques, rather than oppositional positioning, is a core tenet of collaborative negotiations.  · They are non-confrontational: This does not mean the buyer is weak. Rather it means that negotiations are conducted in a positive manner and are focused on creating solutions that can work for both sides. The ability to keep things positive is a critical skill for supply management professionals.  · Yield to principle but not to pressure: A collaborative negotiation quickly falls apart if the buying organization compromises on this guideline. Once the buying company yields to pressure from its sales opponents to focus solely on price, the positive atmosphere essential to collaborative negotiations quickly evaporates. Successful collaborative negotiations require greater skill and experience than competitive bargaining. These discussions typically involve a multitude of issues that must be resolved to the satisfaction of both sides. So when an inexperienced negotiation team overly focuses on one point, for example, they leave themselves vulnerable to being taken advantage of on the other elements under negotiation. Moreover, the negotiators need to understand that these various issues are interrelated. The cost model of the entire package can change quickly if the negotiator does not understand the effect of one concession on another. Analysis: In creating a bid evaluation matrix for Merakuri, Jabaking and Pnutype, a few weighted evaluative steps have to be taken. These steps include: identifying the important evaluative factors; reaching consensus on the importance of the evaluative factors; specifying with precision the evaluative factors, reaching consensus on the weighting of each of the evaluative factors determining the range for the rating scale; developing the definition for each rank in the rating scale; performing the rankings individually and finally discussing and developing a consensus ranking.

Principles of Advertising Study Guide

* Advertising Business – Either using an agency or have your own advertising department/advertise on your own. Government – is a regulatory body, create laws to regulate advertising, things you can advertise and things you cant advertise Cigarete Comercials on TV Lobby – Corp trying to lobby gov. to change for the good, two forces, that think gov, is a positive thing and thinks its good for them to regulate everything and keep things in order. others who think the gov. needs to be smaller, and that they should not have as much control. Society – the culture that your brought up in, tradition, morals and values of the people.Business Finance – the amount of money involved in advertising to promote your product. Marketing – Finding a need that the people want, and filling that need. Advertising – Non personal (to everyone whose watching, not just to one person), Always paid for, communication of info about the companies product, service or idea through the various medias (Television, Radio, Magazines, Internet) Public Relations – figuring out what the people want. Publicity – exactly like advertising but free Personal Selling – what you selling is relatively expensive, and exclusive. Trade shows – where companies get to meet perspective corp. uyers, they can buy a lot of stuff on behalf of their company. Promotions – any inducement or excitement to get you excited about the companies product. (giving out free t-shirts) Operations – whatever the company does Types of markets advertising goes after Consumer Market – things you might see on tv or hear on the radio Business/Profesional Market Government – Trying to sell things to the government, and Profesional – advertising for accounting software, and things that your generally not going to read for pleasure, but there going to be ways to improve your business.Bar Magazines, no one is going to buy the stu ff in that magazine, but owners of restraunts are going to buy it. Business – trying to get your beer on the first shelf, and dealing with the grocery store , or liquor store Integrated Marketing system – Customers hear from a various amount of different markets. (Flagler College business Cards) The consistency so everyone knows what a companies about, and what their image, logo, and slogan is.All state – Have their lil slogan on anything they hand out, â€Å"The Good Hands People†, and have their logo on most things, and have their color that they always use, so it will last in peoples memories and they associate everything their company with it. Art to creating proper advertising to get their message out properly. Theres going to be a persona (Spokesperson), a Medium (Getting the message out with a catchy phrase or something) , and the way people will receive it. Spokesperson – Someone that speaks on behalf of a company. hey can be a person (like William Shatner for priceline) but they can also be a persona (like Ronald Mc’Donald), pretty much any person that’s getting the companies message out. They should be catchy, and will use catchy phrases (subway foot-long song, or I want my Baby Back Ribs) You need that artistic eye, certain color combos can make all the difference and mean completely different things. A lot of times they will advertise things as being bigger, and sounding better than they are. A lot of companies will take out some of the product, Bags of potato chips, making a beer only 11. 5 ounces rather than 12. out of 5 dentist recommend it ( that’s not a lot of dentist out of the millions that exist) Price Economic Argument – Argument that competition Exclusive Distributions – you need to buy the right to sell a certain product in that area. Advertising perpetuating stereotypes – advertising can sometimes bring out stereotypes for certain people. They have women in the kitchen in commercials, and men always doing the work. Ad agencies need to regulate themselves, they actually meet every year to figure out what they can do, and what they can’t do. FTC – Federal trade commission deal with any company that does trade with more than one state.If there is not trading involved in more than one state than it is generally just regulated by the states capital The FTC will tell people to not air something, and make sure that nothing offensive is on the air. If you don’t sign the consent to agree then you have make another commercial correcting your mistake, and putting out a new ad with the correction on your expense. (corrective advertising) Puffery – is exaggeration, and that is something you can do. * self actualization – becoming the top , ceo, of a company, you’ve proven to the world that your at the top, and are very successful. Generally these people will buy the expensive cars, boats, jets, watches, and ec t. * Assumption Factor – Never assume you know what your target is, or what they want. * Task Utility – product or service that does something for you, makes doing a task easier. * Premade food * Form utility – when a manufacturer puts together hundreds of pieces that you would not want to do. * A computer being built for you, a chair, ect. * Time Utility – product or service available when you want it. * Can’t buy a Harley Davidson right away, going to be at least a few months to get one. * Where utility – the product is available where you want.This includes being delivered to your house. * â€Å"Perception is the reality† – if you perceive a product to be better, than it is. * * Ch. 1 Advertising Today Advertising lets customer aware of a product, comprehend what its used for, and see how it is different from its competition. Info will help create a conviction, that this product is better. It will then give the customer a de sire to buy from this retailer, and help them take the action to buy a product. Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) – when consumers receive consistent and positive messages about a brand.Marketing Communications – Tools that companies and organizations use to initate and maintain contact with their customer, clients, and prospects. Advertising – is the structured and composed nonpersonal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products by identified sponsors through various media. A type of communication, structured, and composed Directed to groups of people, not individuals so its nonpersonal Most is paid for by sponsors Public service messages – carried at no charge because of their nonprofit status. Product – encompasses goods, services, and ideas.Medium – the channel of communication advertising reaches us through. Word of mouth (WOM) – when you tell somebody how much you like a product. Becoming more popular thanks to twitter and facebook. Mass Media – the traditional way of advertising. Addressable media – direct mail. Interactive media – the internet Nontradional media – shopping carts, blimps, and dvds. * Two types of dimensions in advertising * Communication dimension – how advertising is actually a form of structured, literary communication. Marketing dimension – explains the important role advertising plays in business.Economic dimension – shows how and why advertising evolved as it did. Social and ethical dimension – considers the impact of advertising on consumers, businesses and society. * Source Dimension Sponsor – the company advertising a product or idea, legally responsible for the communication and has a message to communicate to actual consumers. Author – the sponsors ad agency, a creative team at an ad agency. Persona – real or imaginary spokesperson who lends so me voice or tone to the ad. * Message dimension Autobiographical – tell a story about myself to you the imaginary audience.Narrative messages – a third-person persona tells a story about others to an imagined audience. Drama message – the characters act out events directly in front on an imagined epmpathetic audience. * Reciever Dimensions Implied consumers – Adressed by the ad’s persona, imagined by the ad’s creators to be the ideal consumers who accept uncritically the arguments made by the ad. Sponsorial consumer- the gatekeepers who decide if the ad will run or not, group of decision makers at the sponsors organization. Actual Consumer – people in the real world who make up the ad’s target audience.They will actually get to see and hear the ad . * Feedback – completes the cycle, verifying that the message was received. * Every business has three broad functional division – Operations, Finance, and Marketing. * Marketing – the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, distribution, and promotion of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that atisfy the perceived needs, wants, and objectives of individuals and organizations. Consumer advertising – most advertising falls under this category. Retail advertising – advertising sponsored by retail stores and businesses. PSA (Public Service Announcements) –Industrial / Business Markets Business to business – rarely seen by the actually consumer, because they will generally specialize in one department. Kitchen Magazines for restraunts. Trade Advertising – Wholesalers, retailers, and dealers. Generally a product is sold to these companies so they can get rid of a mass quanity at one time. Professional advertising – advertising aimed at teachers, accountants, doctors, engineers, ect. Used to convince professionals to recommend or prescribe a specific product or service, to b uy brands of equipment and supplies for use in their work, or to use the product personally.Agricultural advertising – to promote products and services used in agriculture to farmers and other employed in agribusiness. Price strategies – Image advertising – creates a perception of a company or a personality for a brand, is rarely explicit about price. Almost never mention price, but always say how cool it is to have their product. Sale advertising – used most often by retailers, dealers, and shops to call attention to a recent drop in the price of a brand or service. Place : Global, international, national, regional, and local.Promotion Personal selling – face to face interaction or telemarketing. Usually high priced items like cars or real estate. Product advertising – service and goods Nonproduct advertising – sells ideas Noncommercial advertising – seeks donations, volunteers, or changes in consumer behavior. Awareness adver tising – wants to create an image for a product and position it competitively with the goal of getting readers or viewrers more aware of their product. Action advertising (Direct-response) – toll free number for immediate information.Sales promotion – coupons, free samples, contests, or rebates on the purchase price. Public Relations – Collateral materials – brocures, catalogs, posters, sales kits, instruction booklet, ect. Art Director – responsible for visuals Creative Director – responsible for all creative departments Typically comes from the copy side * Graphic designer – works on the visuals * Rainmaker – acountive executive, they pitch what advertising agency can do * Copy-writer – responsible for the slogan, and words * Resignance – you get what the ad is trying to get through, or say to you. Relevant – good ads should all be relevant, has some type of reason. * What good advertising should d o : Inform – where is product, how much does it cost, what is it, Persuasion – should give you reasons to try product or service Reminding – have to continue to let you know that they are still there. Objective statement – what ad is trying to accomplish, are you solving a problem, something that makes life easier Supportive Statement – what can you put in there to support what you are saying Getting a spokesperson, athlete to go in there to back up the product.Primary demand – demand for the entire product class Selective demand – demand for a particular brand. Abundance principle – states that in an economy that produces more goods and services than can be consumed, advertising serves two important purposes. Keeps consumers informed of their alternatives (Complete information) It allows companies to compete more effectively for consumer dollars (Self-Interest) * Why people are against advertising Short term manipulative argum ents – saying advertising is deceptive or manipulative.Puffery – exaggerated, subjective claims that can’t be proven true or false, such as â€Å"the best†, or â€Å"the only way to fly†. Non-product facts – aimed not at the product but the consumer, and does not really give any information about the actual product. Such as â€Å"Pepsi. The choice of a new generation†. Social or enviormental impact of advertising – long-term macro arguments. Manipulates us into buying things we don’t need. Replacing our citizen democracy with a selfish consumer democracy.Only 17 percent of consumers view advertising as a source of information to help them decide what to buy. Too much advertising. * Ethical – means doing what is morally right in a given situation. * Social responsibility – doing what society views as the best for the welfare of people in general or for a specific community of people. * CARU (Childrens Advert ising Review Unit – promotes responsible children’s advertising and to respond to public concerns, self regulatory guidelines for childrens advertising. * Fair information practice principlesNotice – requires website to clearly post its privacy policy Choice – consumers level of control over being profiled and how their information is used Access – ability for consumer to access information collected about them and make amendments to it. Security – requires advitisers to protect the data they have colleceted Enforcement – requires all industry members subject themselves to third party monitoring by independent company. FTC – major regulator of advertising for products sold in interstate commerce.Substantiation – supporting data and scientific studies to their products purpose Endorsements – the person promoting the product can’t be misleading, he has to actually use that product himself. Affirmative disclos ure – gives health warnings Remedies for unfair advertising Consent decree – document the advertiser signs agreeing to stop the objectionable advertising Cease and desist order – when consent decree wont be signed ftc may prohibit further use of the ad. Corrective decree – explains how their ad was wrong before and corrects the misleading mistake.FCC – responsible for protecting the public interest and encouraging competition. Four distinct groups in advertising Advertisers – companies that sponsor advertising for themselves and their products. Advertising agencies – helps the advertisers plan, create, and prepare ad campaigns and other promotional materials. Suppliers – assist both advertisers and agencies in preparing advertising materials. Media – sell time and space to carry the advertisers message to the target audience.Local advertising – targeting customers in their geographic area. Sometimes called retail advertising because retail stores account for so much of it. Dealers or local franchisees of national companies. Stores sell a variety of items. (grocery, department stores, convience) Speciality businesses and services (Banks, restaurants) Governmental, and nonprofit organizations. Product advertising – promotes a specific product or service Regular price-line advertising – informs consumers about services or merchandise offered at regular prices.Accounting firms might use regualar price-line Sales advertising – placing items on sale and offering deals Clearance advertising – making room for a new product line getting rid of the old stuff at a low price Institutional advertising – create a favorable long-term perception of the business as a whole, not just of a particular product or service. â€Å"Im loving campagn†. More of an idea Classified advertising – locate and recruit new empoyees, offer services, sell or lease merchandise.In tegrated marketing communications – (IMC) joining together in a consistent manner everything that communicates with customers. Co-op advertising – build the manufacturers brand image and to help its distributors, dealers, or retailers make more sales. Newspapers – want to advertise in newspaper because a lot of people, different sections for different types of ads, and can also be local. Disadvantage – poor production, no high quality animation and mostly black and white. Ad is normally short termed, because new paper comes out everyday.

Point-Of-Purchase Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Point-Of-Purchase Advertising - Essay Example Every time I pay for something at a convenience store or shopping mall, my eyes always stray to the magazine rack. The colorful front covers never fail to catch my attention. What is featured on those covers is also eye-catching. While I wait for my turn with the cashier, I find myself reading the tidbits about celebrities or appreciating the blurbs on interior decorating. On some days I would find myself getting a copy of one or two magazines from the display to add them to my purchases. The same thing happens to me when it comes to food. Whenever I go grocery shopping, I always come home with something I did not plan on buying. There was one time I only wanted to buy toiletries but arrived home with three cans of Campbell’s Mushroom Soup because the store was having a Buy One, Take One promo on the product. On other days, I would get a spaghetti pack since the store would have noodles and canned tomato sauce packaged as one item. The last product would be cosmetics. As a fem ale, I would always be on the lookout for bargains and sales. Although I am not the type to go to the mall specifically to buy any kind of make-up, when I see a basket with lip colors for a discounted price a piece, I normally grab some, thinking I could send them out later as gifts. This happens most often during the Christmas season when a number of cosmetic items are on sale. Another reason I tend to buy an eye-shadow kit, for example, is when the sales person offers to try the colors on me and I end up looking really nice. For food, cosmetics and magazine, I often find myself buying the products because of several reasons. For the magazines, I patronize because I find certain stories on the cover interesting. I am also a big fan of some celebrities so when they are featured by a magazine and I like the story about them, I buy the literature. I find the point-of-purchase marketing for this product helpful. If the magazines were not displayed near the checkout counter, I would not have seen the magazines. If so, I would not have gotten the information I was interested in. For the food products, I think their POP marketing was also effective but not as effective as that for the magazines. I did not find these annoying. However, I think that some of these did not even reach their target markets on some days. For example, as I was heading towards the dairy section one time, I happened to notice some promotional products on the display in another section. Since I did not need anything in that section, I did not stop to check out the items being advertised. In this sense, I think the POP was wasted. I have the same sentiments for the POP marketing used in cosmetics. I think these products are more of a luxury for most consumers than a necessity. On the other hand, customers will be still be encouraged to buy lipstick or compact powder after POP marketing like trial make-up, discounts and freebies because it is a chance to have a very expensive product to beautify themselves with. As a marketing executive for any of the three products, I would continue to spend some of my advertising budget on point-of-purchase advertising. These kinds of promotions â€Å"have been found to have a significant influence on consumer shopping behavior†¦ Point-Of-Purchase Advertising International (POPAI) reports that as much [as] 75 percent of buying decisions are made in-store.† (Nicolas, 2007) I would probably change some aspects of the POP based on the location of the product in a grocery store, for example. Not all products can enjoy the spot near the cashier where people spend time in line and can still make an impulse decision on the items in their line of vision. Some products are even in an aisle that may only see

Md5-8 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Md5-8 - Coursework Example Also, it will be essential for them to monitor continually how the internet use development affects consumers and competition (Paley, 2005). Concentrating on the pricing strategies, Rolex watches employed a marketing strategy by using a premium pricing strategy. Rolex positioned its price distinctively from its competitors. The role of the pricing strategy adopted by Rolex watches was to portray its product as unique in terms of its quality and the reputable Swiss watches brand name. In contrast, Timex watches adopted a penetrating price strategy. Timex to penetrate the market resorted to having its watches priced slowly compared to its competitors like Rolex. It was meant to attract buyers and capture the share of the watch market. Both Timex and Rolex employed different pricing strategies. The difference is that Rolex highly priced its watches so as to have a distinct competitive advantage. On the other hand, Timex lowly priced its watches to raise awareness and penetrate the market. Basing on the Direct Marketing Strategies, there is a possibility that the internet or electronic direct marketing may replace old direct mail options and conventional catalogues promotions. The switch is because the internet as a direct electronic marketing tool is a more direct marketing tool compared to the conventional catalogues. The Internet enables consumers to be reached in an interactive manner. The rationale behind the switch to internet use as a direct marketing tool is because of its ability to communicate and carry out a promotion in a better way. Besides, the internet has proved to be less costly and enabled monitoring of the progress of the promotion and marketing (Paley, 2005). There is a justification to the reason there is a need to carry out a marketing audit of an in a unit of business even though its performance may be indeed

Human Resources Quiz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources Quiz - Assignment Example While it is obvious in their presentation that issues and weaknesses exist in the HR function of this organization, by bringing both perspectives to light a unique view was given of the situation. It is always an interesting question, â€Å"What do the employees think of the HR Department?† This team was the only team to actually answer that question, in addition to the questions set out in the project. In my opinion, Team #8 provided the most thorough and comprehensive assessment by answering not only the question of what HR thought of the company and the employees that worked for it, but by answering what the employees thought of the HR department. By incorporating their views into the recommendations for the organization and allowing both sides to become aware of the existing weaknesses, a step forward can be taken. 2. Which organization has the best performing HR function? What is your basis for this conclusion? What evidence was revealed that supports your conclusion? The organization with the best performing HR function is, without a doubt, Engineer-It Corporation. ... ing four HR division managers, their HR department is well laid-out, with a clear chain of command and employees to service all positions, helping employees to know where to go when they need to deal with the HR department. Unlike some companies that were researched, such as Agility Recovery and Bonfils Blood Bank, the HR department is its own department with its own people, instead of being shared by the Finance Department. Having dedicated, hard-working individuals that do nothing but HR can be an immense asset to the company, especially in terms of supporting line managers and managing people. Also, unlike a company such as Guardian Angel, the HR department manages its employees to create a competitive advantage, instead of seeming to work against them for what they need. Some team presentations showed evidence that other companies that had fractured, uninvolved, or simply apathetic HR departments, and this was definitely not the case for Engineer-It Corporation. 3. Which HR Proje ct Team provided the most comprehensive, professional and effective project summary and presentation? What is your basis for this determination? What made their project summary and presentation the most effective? Team #3, with the organization of Engineer-It Corporation, provided a wonderful summary and presentation that made it both the most comprehensive and professional. This team went to the lengths to interview three different HR employees from the company, and undertook different methods to do so. I was impressed that they took the time to interview two out of the three employees by phone and e-mail, in addition to interviewing one other in person. This presentation, to me, was the most effective for several reasons. First, they used the employees’ pictures, thereby giving the

Adoption Social Work Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adoption Social Work Law - Essay Example he National Minimum Standards for Voluntary Adoption Agencies and Local Authority Adoption Service Act of 2003 and the National Minimum Standards for Adoption Support Agencies Act of 2005 in England. Ball (2005) reflects that the series of legislation is indicative of the growing interest and concern for adoption. She points out that adoption is not anymore a last recourse for families who are unable to conceive children but has become a matter of personal choice, if not an expression of social opinion. The 2002 Adoption and Children Act follows closely the provisions set forth by the Children Act 1989 particularly in its emphasis on welfare protection. One of the most critical provisions is the requirement for local authorities to establish a local adoption service pursuant to primarily to the Minimum Standards for Voluntary Adoption Agencies and Local Authority Adoption Service Act of 2003 as well as to national regulatory statutes. The local adoption agencies will be tasked to accomplish assessment of adopting parties, develop and institute support services and implement regulatory measures as needed. For adoption support agencies and other services, national standards for operations and performance were established. In effect, independent adoption agencies were required to subscribe to a uniform system of accessing information, delivering services and developing a database of information for retrieval for minors who were adopted when they reach maturity. The Act also provides for the regulation of inter-country adoption which has significantly increased to the due to international advocacies for the placement of displaced children due to war or wide-scale poverty (Parker & Bradley, 2007) In the 2002 provisions, there is greater sensitivity to changes in social constructions of â€Å"family†. The provisions provided opportunities for adoption for single individuals as well as unmarried couples. The legislation also responded to concerns regarding

Suicide of Megan Meier Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Suicide of Megan Meier - Research Paper Example It was on October 15, 2006 that Megan Meier received really unexpected and harsh messages from her boyfriend Josh, who ended the conversation by saying that â€Å"The world would be a better place without you†. Megan had been talking to Josh for quite some while. They met on MySpace and Megan instantly fell for this person, who surprisingly enough, did not have a cell phone or landline and had just moved into town. She loved talking to such a handsome boy as she had faced problems of obesity, depression and attention deficit disorder but this friendship was really boosting her self-esteem, something, which promoted her mother from allowing her daughter to spend her time on MySpace (Long, p. 28). When this relationship boosted, her self-esteem, those messages and then subsequent leakage of those messages to her friends, lowered her self-esteem to such a point where she decided to take her life by hanging herself. In the aftermath of events, it became apparent that â€Å"Josh† was the mother of a former female friend of Megan and that this family only lived four blocks away from Megan. A few months back, Megan and her friend had a quarrel and Lori Drew, her mother, decided to teach Megan a lesson by adding her through a fake MySpace profile (Tokunaga, p. 277). In the aftermath of Megan’s suicide, cyber bullying emerged as a serious issue and educational institutions, parents, teachers and even the law enforcement agencies felt the need to play their part in ensuring that such sad news does not come into the limelight ever again. However, naturally, many people felt disgusted and sickened at the actions of Lori Drew called that she should be prosecuted for her actions. The same led to a nation-wide debate on whether or not Lori Drew’s actions deserved prosecution. Many people shocked and perplexed by the actions of Lori began to raise their voice for Lori Drew prosecution. On the other hand, several critics began to question such demands and raised their concern that such calls would lead the nation to a slippery slope. According to its definition, prosecution refers to the process of a government attorney getting involved, charging, and trying the case against the accused. This paper is an attempt to explore and analyze the s ame question mentioned above. Discussion For charging someone with a particular crime, misdemeanor, felony, or offense, it is imperative that the court should find that person guilt of those actions. Furthermore, in case of serious crimes and convictions, people cannot be convicted in the absence of malice aforethought. This is the reason why people with mental illness, children, and minors do not receive strict punishments even for the most serious crimes since they are less likely to have malice aforethought and more likely not to understand or foresee the consequences of this action. The first and the foremost argument in favor of Lori Drew’s conviction or prosecution is that she, being an adult and mother or a daughter of the age of Megan, knew and understood the full weight of her decisions and went onto to bully and torture a young girl (Brenner & Megan, p. 15). The problem with cyber bullies is that in most occasions, it is almost impossible to prove that they foresaw or understood the implications or consequences of their actions. For example, in the case of Megan Meier, the cyber bully could only be prosecuted for bullying and could not be blamed for suicide. Nevertheless, the fact is that in this case, the cyber bully, the mom of Megan’s former friend, knew all about the consequences of her actions. That woman was well aware of the fact that Megan suffers from low self-esteem due to her previous obesity and has a history of depression (Bhat, p. 53). Furthermore, she also suffers from attention deficit disorder. That woman was well aware of all these facts and it would be apparent, even to a nonprofessional that any attempt at pushing the back of this girl against the wall

Comparative essay on the North, South, and West from 1865 to 1900 A.D

Comparative on the North, South, and West from 1865 to 1900 A.D - Essay Example At the end of the Civil War in 1865, America was not yet the 50-state nation it is now. It was but an adolescent alliance of 35 tension-filled states of 24 victorious and predominantly northern Union States and 11 Southern states that failed to secede as the Confederate States of America. After the war, a combination of events fuelled an economic boom that pushed the population of the country from the North-South axis on the Eastern end towards the West. The Civil War had been a battle that pitted the rich industrial North allied to the seat of government in the East, against the agricultural South. The expansion to the West, however, helped temper the nation’s simmering post-War energies. Specific events in these regions during the period shaped the U.S. geographically, socially, economically, and politically and prepared the ground for our ascent to worldwide supremacy (Sobel 188-89). The powerful North grew on the backs of tough, hard-working European immigrants who industrialized and enriched their way to economic dominance. Perhaps the harsh climate helped, but it was really geography that made the region the seat of U.S. industrial production and wealth by the late 19th century: Pennsylvania oil, steel mills in Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, manufacturing and mining in Wisconsin and Minnesota – all bonded with the financial might of New York under the expert, at times misguided and corrupt, governance by elected officials in D.C., the nation’s capital (Carnegie 653-657). Civil War victory and Reconstruction made an already strong region even stronger as industrialists, bankers, and businessmen took advantage of opportunities to reconstruct a devastated South. Victory also entrenched the north-based Republican Party as a political power that dominated American politics, producing two-thirds of post-Civil War Presidents (Sobel 201-7). The

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming Essay

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming - Essay Example Now, people can access their favorite music through internet by paying no or comparatively low prices to the suppliers. (Amberg, and Schrà ¶der. 2007). The online music industry is experiencing another revolution phase due to the development of technology and invention of Smartphones with a capacity to run online streaming any where through 4G connection. Initially, online paid music downloading facility was provided by the Apple’s iTunes in 2003, but it was a cumbersome task to download the music and then run it, therefore the online music industry players had started to develop such applications and platforms, where people can directly stream their favorite music without keeping them in their PCs or Mobile phones storage. For this purpose, online radio platforms, i.e. Pandora and Spotify have been developed to provide an online streaming facility to the music lovers over their computers and Smartphones. Streaming services are providing almost all sorts of music to their customers and people can access more than million of songs through a single click. Online radios, like Pandora and iTunes Radio, have chosen what the custo mers want to hear and these firms generate their revenues through advertisements. Whereas, other firms like Deezer and Spotify, offer a collection of 20 to 30 million songs on annual or monthly subscription basis and charge premium prices to their customers. Due to these changes the sales of record labels have decreased by 4% as compared to the last year, where on the other hand online streaming firms like Spotify has earned more than $1 billion in revenues. (Bhattacharjee, Gopal, Lertwachara, and Marsden. 2007). However, the overall online streaming industry was accounted for 21% of the total music industry revenues in 2013, which showed a very rapid growth in last 5 years. ( Hodgkins, 2014) Due to the high trend of Smartphones and development in the mobile phone services sector, i.e. the

Rennaisance Humanist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rennaisance Humanist Movement - Essay Example Therefore, this paper analyzes the difference between their ideologies on liberty and their earlier views about the Catholic Church. Martin Luther started his protests about the protestant reformation through his first essays by attacking the Catholic Church. These assertions may not be the truth as Martin Luther started his mission in 1511 to Rome as a delegate to protest about the Straupitz improvements. He was enlightened with the catholic knowledge due to his earlier knowledge as a monk and a priest. Luther was able to see deceptive and corruptions in the Catholic Church. He was in a position to develop views about the church and God after he became close to the church. Earlier in his life, he had limited faith in God but he based his beliefs on personal experiences he had with God. He further believed that God had deserted him and thus he punished himself through starvation. Starvation could act as a cleansing mechanism to remove all the impurities, which God refuted. According to Luther, man’s relationship with God was through purification that all things could together, praise, and love God. Other people could not find peace with God due to personal conflict. He spread his understanding of the bible to save the oppressed to overcome the battle with the church. Luther maintained that salvation was not just through laws or works, but also through God’s work. This is a biblical allusion where salvation also demands God’s glory and righteousness that man has done and by his mercy and the work of his grace which we have believed. According to Luther, a person who believed in God and his personal relationship with Him meant that the church had no mandate to condemn that believer because he could not afford to pay the taxes or attend the church proceedings each Sunday. Furthermore, the church had no mandate to control people’s personal life and their God’s beliefs. People had the right to elect their own pastors to resolve the corruption cases. This was after the new understanding about the new relationship between God and man. Therefore, God’s word should arise from people with similar views as others. In this regard, the new free cities could not elude this, which relived them from paying taxes. Through his theological views, church powers were contained in its own state. Several towns launched complains about the powers and high influence that the church had. This proved that the church possessed too many powers over the city-states. Machiavelli had different views from what Luther earlier asserted. He asserted that the key quality in any true person is the value of the word he has. In the prince, the author expresses his deep feelings about the person in the story of one prince. He values integrity for he wishes that the prince keeps his word. In our daily live, all princes who have successfully accomplished great deeds have cared less about keeping their valued promises and have good knowledg e on handling men in a shrewd manner. Machiavelli posits that people were in a position to do things that are more important but they may be interfered by laziness, which hinders them from accomplishing their tasks. Furthermore, the individuals may be too manipulative to allow their efforts go unrewarded. He likened this to the princes whose skills aided them acquire the principles with some difficult but they easily hold on and the growth of the

The Amazon. com company Essay Example for Free

The Amazon. com company Essay The Amazon. com company was founded by Bezos Jeff in the year 1994 and the year 1995 marked the launching date for the company.   According to Miller (2005) the company deals with the sale of products through the Internet.   The electronic American commerce business has attracted a lot of business the world over. The company has a bookstore business which is on line, it also has come up with various lines of products such as MP3 formats, VHS, CDS, electronics, video games, furnitures, apparel, computer software, toys, and food.    The United kingdom, Canada, Japan China and France are places within which the Amazon. com has established its websites (Trevino, 2005).   The company also offers shipping services globally to places where the companys products are distributed. The Amazon. com as one of the leading companies in the electronic commerce business has faced various challenges which pressurizes its operations.   One of the pressure the company gets is the need to be effective in the data management of the customers who conduct transactions with the company. Montes (2006) posited that business operation on the net is not easy to manage.   The company is always challenged by the issue of tracking down the various channels through which business operates and to come up with a good collection of data in order to know how the sales of the company are progressing. Where the collection of data is not well managed, it would be hard to know what is exactly taking place in the business.   Many companies running the e commerce have been unable to track down their data effectively and ended up operating the business blindly. The amazon company has had challenges resulting from the need to ensure that SEO-finding of the company is effective and also ensure that traffic over the world of Internet is sufficient (Lefebvire, 2006).   The company has to fight with the many competitors who have emerged in the e commerce business. For every business to succeed in the e commerce, it is important to ensure that while customers are shopping for goods over the Internet they can be in a position to see the website of the company on the front page.   If a company is not in a position to appear on the top while the others do, chances are that very few customers will get information about the companys products and this leads to less sales (Strander, 2002). The company managers are always on their toes trying to fight new ways of expanding and diversifying the companys product.   With the increase in the the number of companies which are taking part in the e-commerce, it is very dangerous for any company to reach the comfort zone.   Dakota (2004) posited that the new companies in the market have tried to come up with substitute products which are offered by the amazon. These competitors are aggressive and always fighting to win a great traffic on the net by using various links and proving to be the most attractive home pages on the net.   The amazon company has the pressure of ensuring that it utilizes the modern technology and ensures that it secures the best position in the Internet world.   Application of strategic planning is also an important aspect.   The company is always in need of attaining the best strategies to maintain as a leading company in the Internet. The need to secure the best system intergeneration for the company is of utmost importance for the success of the business.   The Amazon. com has the pressure to ensure that its softwares are effective and that it is in a position to secure disparate systems which include inventory management, quick books, payment processing and order processing. These equipments are of utmost importance to ensure that the communication system within the company is effective.   Failure to afford these items the communication system in the company gets to break down. According to Vessel (2006) the result is that the tracking of the channels through which the business operations of the company are taking place becomes hard. A business needs these systems if it wants to be in a position to measure its performance in the past, the present and future performance.   With this facilities the company is able to compare its performance with the competitors and know what business strategies it needs to use in order to keep leading in the e commerce business. Quinn (2001) posited that the other challenges faced by the Amazon. com is the need to ensure that the product sourcing methods and procedures are effective, margin shrinking and rising fees are also important issues.   This issues mainly occur in the auction scenarios but it is important for every business to ensure that any challenges that have great effect on the activities which helps to improve the function of the business are tackled first. Failure of putting measures to control the challenges facing a business leads to the going down of the organization and the weakness in management skills.   A company needs to first ensure that its operations are effective before it moves to the next step of considering expansion issue.   Without an efficient operation and management, a company may not be in a position to realize any profits. The Amazon. com is also pressurized by the need of change and adjustment to the ever changing infrastructures and the emergence of new products in the market.   According to Winston (2003) there have been new industries coming up in the market with new products and infrastructure and the challenge is overcoming the obstacles which may prevent a company from adjusting to the changes.   Virtual or digital products are a good example of the products which have emerged into the market and customers are in a position to access them by downloading the products from any destination.   The soundtrack as one of the products gives the customers the power to decide whether they want to retain the product in virtual form or whether they would like to   be accessed in the physical form. The challenge which is associated with this products is   looking for the category where this products may placed considering the industry category which traditionally used to host the products and the new digital dimension in which the products take (Short, 2004). The issue of application of intellectual rights on property is also difficult and the company get problems while choosing which customary laws to apply. The emergence of new industries in this sector is very hard to predict.   This prediction is important as it is used by a company to determine the future expectation of market share and to plan for the strategies which need to be applied in case of many competitors coming in the market.   The multimedia coming into the market was one of the threatening competitors Amazon experienced and the way forward for this sector is still not well defined.   This means that the company is faced by unpredictable occurrences.

Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Racial conflict is defined as societal controversies related to variances in ethnic, cultural, or national affiliation. Specifically, racial conflict is the result of one dominant cultures control of differing cultures through economics, politics, social policy, and law. In the U.S. juvenile and criminal justice systems, the term racial conflict can be used to refer to discriminatory practices by those who work in the juvenile and criminal justice systems against minority persons (Akers Sellers, 2004). Recent literature expanding the racial conflict concern to include U.S. policy, murder as the result of identity internalizations, and merchant-consumer relationships is not discussed here (Walker et al., 2004). Instead, this paper examines the literature depicting racial conflict as a systemic and controversial topic in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Body Historical accounts of violent racial conflict have existed since before the 1800s and up to the present day. Likewise, the relationship between racial conflict, crime, and minority processing has been examined (Baldus, Woodworth, 1998). In addition to its explaining why some people commit crime, racial conflict has also been linked to disparate decision-making practices at both the arrest and the punishment stages for ethnic minorities. Specifically, African American males represent the most prevalent minority group at each of these stages. Empirical findings show that disproportionate minority confinement exists partly as the result of police discretion to arrest. Accordingly, minorities, particularly African Americans, find themselves at a disadvantage in the criminal justice system. Recent accounts of racial conflict in the criminal justice system came to the fore during the 1992 riots after a verdict of not guilty was returned for the officers involved in the Rodney King incident in Los Angeles, California. More recently, in 2005, racial conflict was linked to the governments response and policies after Hurricane Katrina in New orleans, Louisiana (Spohn, 2002). Specifically, victims of this natural disaster were outraged at the lack of governmental support and the assignment of the label refugee to American survivors in this largely minority populated area. To some, the use of the term refugee was symbolic of the perception that the survivors were outsiders to begin with. This was seized on by the national media, and the survivors were quickly recast as evacuees. Similar to disparities in the adult justice system, minority disparities in the juvenile justice system exist. Specifically, African American youth, similar to their adult counterparts, are disproportionately represented throughout the system. on one hand, criminologists argue that ethnic and racial minorities commit more crimes than their White counterparts and thereby have greater representation in the system. on the other hand, criminologists and sociologists argue that racial conflict in American society acts interchangeably with the law as a method to control minority power. Thus, as a result, disparities are found in arrest, charge, and confinement of African American youth when compared to White youth who commit the same serious and violent criminal acts. The larger implication here is consistent with the belief that racial conflict is supported and maintained by actors in the juvenile and criminal justice systems (Walker et al., 2004). Racial Conflict and Justice Research on the relationship between racial conflict and crime commission has examined interracial killings, economic and power competition, and disparities within the criminal justice system (Zatz, 2000). Racial conflict has been linked to delinquent behavior by juveniles and has been linked to school violence, juvenile homicide, gangs, theft, and other serious and violent crimes. one of the more engrossing questions facing criminologists and indeed our nation is whether the two justice systems are impartial. Criminologists have studied the relationship between judicial processes and discrimination, and some evidence suggests that ethnic minorities are overrepresented at arrest and, when compared to White offenders, are punished more severely. Similar results were found in examinations of pretrial processes where racial injustices in jury selection and judge bias against minorities were present. Whether or not African Americans and other ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the criminal justice system is not a question here, as official data provide a clear depiction of this disparity (Spohn, 2002). The concern here is, however, focused on why racial disparities continue to exist in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. The existence of conflicts between police and racial/ethnic minorities has historically been related to riots that are often the result of racial conflict. Many researchers argue that juvenile and adult processing of ethnic minorities as the result of racial conflict continues and is maintained by the continuous cycle of analyses, recommendations, and inaction that have resulted in ineffective identification and reduction of racial disparities. Contrary to this argument, other researchers point out that racial disparities exist largely as the result of serious and violent offending patterns of ethnic minorities. Conclusion The literature is filled with options for reducing racial conflict in the criminal justice system. The argument is made that to effectively address racial conflict, research should be conducted at each stage of processing so as to increase the level of accountability of officials and agencies within jurisdictions where racial disparities continue to exist. others stipulate that researchers must identify the problem, change and create policies that effectively address the real concerns, and implement and fund programs dependent upon evaluative measures. At the theoretical level, many criminologists recognize that extensive changes within both the juvenile and the criminal justice systems are needed to address prejudices in the system that exist as the result of policies and practices. Hence, the argument of racial conflict and discrimination in the criminal justice system remains unresolved. Conflict theorists believe racial conflict is the reason for minority differences in criminal and even juvenile justice processing. Even so, differing arguments are presented stipulating that the empirical nature of racism is not measurable and thus is questionable. While there are two dominant opinions, it remains evident that many researchers hold the view that racial disparities as the result of racial conflict continue to exist and should be addressed in juvenile and criminal justice processing.

Stuxnet Network Worm Computer Science Essay

Stuxnet Network Worm Computer Science Essay Stuxnet, a network worm that, during the early part of 2010, began to infect Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) becoming the first rootkit for PLCs. PLCs are usually not connected to the Internet, or the internal network, so the creators had to devise a method to get the worm onto these systems. The worm would use 4 zero-day vulnerabilities to propagate through internal networks, and would load itself onto flash drives. Once the flash drive was plugged into an ICS, it would copy itself onto the system, and begin to check to see if there was a PLC attached to the system. The worm would first gather information of its victim to determine if it was its target, and if it found it, the worm would began to alter the code of the PLCs which were believed to sabotage the systems. In the end it is undetermined if Stuxnet reached its goal. Stuxnet Stuxnet is a worm that is said to be an incredibly large and complex threat. It was primarily written to target a specific ICS or a set of similar systems, likely somewhere in Iran. The final goal of Stuxnet is to reprogram an ICS by modifying the code on the PLCs to make them work in the manner the attacker intended, such as operate outside normal boundaries, and to hid these changes from the operators of the machine. The creators, in order to achieve their goal, amassed a variety of components to increase the chance of success. These components included: zero-day exploits, anti-virus evasion techniques, windows rootkit, the first ever PLC Stuxnet 4 rootkit, hooking code, process injection, network infection routines, peer-to-peer updates, and a command and control interface. The worm was found in July of 2010, and is confirmed to have existed a year prior to that, and likely it has existed before that, with a majority of the infections being based in Iran. June 2009 was the earliest Stuxnet sample seen. It did not exploit an auto-run function of a removable storage, and did not contain signed drivers to install itself. In January of 2010, Stuxnet reappeared, this time it had signed certificate from Realtek, and could install itself without any problems. July of 2010 Microsoft revokes the stolen Realtek driver used by Stuxnet, and the very next day, Stuxnet reemerges with a signed JMicron Technology Corp certificate. By September of 2010, the wormà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exploits have been patched by Microsoft, and all stolen signed certificates revoked. Stuxnet had many features included into it to make sure it reached its goal. Some of these features included a self-replication through removable storage, spreading with a vulnerability in Windows Print Spooler, making itself execute with the Step 7 project, updating through peer-to-peer, command and control server for updates by a hacker, bypasses security features, and hides all modified code on PLCs. Stuxnet is capable of more, far more, but these are the most noticeable features about this worm that make it a large and complex threat. Stuxnet 5 Injection The injection method used by Stuxnet was complex, due to the fact that it had to make sure it would infect its target machine, and so it could bypass any security encountered. In order to load any .dll, including itself, Stuxnet would call the LoadLibrary with a specially crafted name that does not exist on the disk and normally cause LoadLibrary to fail. However, W32.Stuxnet has hooked Ntdll.dll to monitor for requests to load specifically crafted file names. These specially crafted file names are mapped to another location instead that is specified by W32.Stuxnet. Once a .dll file has been loaded by this method, GetProcAddress is then used to find the address of a specific export from the .dll file and that export is called, handing control to the new .dll file. If Stuxnet detects any security software, it will get the main version of it and rerun itself in a new process to bypass the scanning of the software. The process of injecting itself into a process is located in Export 15. First it checks the configuration data of the system, and then it will check to see if the system is 64-bit, which if it is it will exit the system. Once it has determined it is running on a 32-bit system it will check the OS, and then check to see if it has admin rights. If it does not it will check the os once more and determine if it is on XP of Vista. If it is on XP used a zero-day vulnerability in Win32k.sys, and use an escalation of privilege to restart itself in csrss.exe. If it is on Vista is uses a zero-day vulnerability in Task Scheduler, to escalate its privilege, and restart as any new task. Once it has the highest admin rights, Stuxnet will then call Export 16. Stuxnet 6 Export 16 installs Stuxnet onto the system and will also check the configuration data of the system. It will then check the registry value of NTVDM Trace, and if it is 19790509, it will not proceed. This is thought to be an infection marker, or a do not infect marker. If it is not set to this it will continue installation. Stuxnet then checks the date, if it is past 06/24/2012, it will exit and not install, this is Stuxnetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s kill switch date. It will then see if it is on XP or Vista. If on XP it will set the DACL, if on Vista it will set the SACL. It will then create its files, including its main payload file Oem7a.pnf. It then checks the date one more time, before decrypting its files and loading itself onto the disk, and then calling export 6 to get its version. It will then compare its version number with one on the disk, and then install its rootkit files, Mrxcls.sys and Mrxnet.sys. It will then hide all its malicious files, and infect any removable storage devic e, and then finally infects Step 7 projects. Attack ICS are operated by specialized code on PLCs, which are often programmed from Windows computers that are not connected to any network. The creator would have needed the schematics of the ICS, to know which ones the worm should go after, so it is believed an insider, or an early version of Stuxnet, retrieved them. They would then create the latest version of Stuxnet, which each feature of it was implemented for a reason and for the final goal of the worm. The worm would then need to be tested on a mirrored environment to make sure the program worked correctly. The hackers needed signed certificates to allow Stuxnetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s drivers to be installed and to get them they would have had to physically go into the companies and take Stuxnet 7 them. Once this was accomplished the worm would needed to be introduced into the environment of infection, and was done so by a willing or un-willing third party, such as a contractor of the systems, which was most likely done with a flash drive. Once injected into the systems, Stuxnet would begin to spread in search of Windows computers used to program PLCs, which are called field PGs. Since these computers are not networked, Stuxnet would spread through LAN using a zero-day vulnerability, infecting Step 7 projects, and through removable storage. Once Stuxnet found a computer running Step 7, it would begin to check values from the ICS, determining if it was on the correct system. It would do this for 13 days to 3 months, and then wait two hours, before sending a network burst to the connected devices. These burst were the newly modified PLC code that contained instructs to change the frequency at which the devices operated on, making them operate outside of normal boundaries. Victims would not see the modified code, as Stuxnet hides its modifications by intercepting read and write commands. If someone sent a read command to the PLC, Stuxnet would intercept it, and if it was to read an infected section, Stuxnet would pull an unedited copy from itself, and send it to the person. If it was a write command, Stuxnet would make it seem like it went through. Though the attack caused more damage due to it spreading beyond the target onto outside computers, it is likely this was necessary to achieve their goal. It is believed the attackers accomplished their goal before they were discovered. Due to all this, Stuxnet is believed to be one of the most complex malicious software written to date. Stuxnet 8

Multiculturalism vs Assimilation :: Assimilationism vs. Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism vs Assimilation America is a place where many cultures and races co-exist, so there are many different opinions and beliefs. Of course there is bound to be tension and misunderstandings, which unfortunately escalates (in some cases) into violence that we hear about in the media. So what is the solution? Should we all assimilate to one standard or should we recognize our individual cultures and consider ourselves multicultural? The answer is not an easy one to define. America is made up of the gray area between these two opposing views. Thomas Bray, an editor for the Detroit News talks about the recent poll against bilingual education in California in his editorial, Memorial Day and Multiculturalism, in which he presents a strong argument for assimilation, "A nation unsure of it's roots and values may not survive long as a nation- witness how close even `multicultural` Canada is coming to crack up because of the drive by separatist French Quebec to secede and form an independent nation.". (Bray, 3) Bray suggests that to be a strong nation, we need to define what is `American` and everyone should live up to one standard. American culture, beliefs, and values should all be defined. Bray says that if we don't have one standard than how can we be as one nation? How can we be identified as one nation? He emphasizes the need for assimilation, "Assimilation is a bad word these days. But it's a tested method of achieving `E pluribus Unum`. (Bray, 4) Perhaps it need not be harshly administered in the old days, but a country that has no standards to assimilate to is a country without a core and a country deep in trouble." Bray's view is that of many Americans who think that America and American culture should be defined with roots that go deep into British history, and not by it's many other roots around the world. That America can be defined by one mainstream culture that everyone in the country assimilates to. I believe that there are too many different people in the country to think that everyone is the same. The fact is that people are different, and no one can change that. As part of our study of culture, my peers and I were asked to write a paper reflecting our own cultural background. I have always considered myself "all American". I shop, I eat fast food, I drive my own car, and watch too much television.

Star child evolution in 2001 :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Star-Child   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film both reflects and creates social culture. Indeed, a film indicates social trends, presents ideas, and analyzes history for its contemporary time period; thus, by viewing a film it becomes possible to infer and make judgments about a society's culture. The filmmaker's message is embedded within the plot and symbolism, and filmmakers often critique social culture through their movies. It is possible to view the evolution of culture through the progression of films over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religious films in the pre-1968 era distinguish themselves as literal interpretations of the Old and New Testaments. America, in this era, held religion as central to everyday life. DeMille's â€Å"King of Kings† and similar movies that follow in form support this inference. Consider the context of DeMille's 1932 movies, â€Å"Sign of the Cross.† Depression and the great dustbowl were commonplace across America. The masses embraced religion and this is evident in the literal bible story films. Additionally, the righteous people in the films represented the working class people of America, and the blasphemers represented the elite minority. They were usually powerful, corrupt, and sometimes Jewish. American culture has evolved as technology has advanced. In 1968, the paradigm of religion in film shifted with the release of Kubrick's â€Å"2001: A Space Odyssey.† Rebellion, social activism, drugs, sex and most importantly, technology, dominated social culture. Kubrick's film challenges all previous religious film movies, yet this epic movie contains powerful symbols that reflect the changes in social thought. Thus far, evolution of movies and culture has been discussed. â€Å"2001: A Space Odyssey† is interesting because Kubrick realizes this concept of cultural evolution. Thus, he created his movie to embody this concept and manifest itself in man as a physical being. The underlying theme of Kubrick's movie is evolution: the progression of monkeys to humans, humans to machines (HAL), machines to the star-child. That â€Å"2001† concedes to evolution validates science and technology, while it detracts from religion. Thus, this slow paced film indicates the inevitable evolution of all things. The star-child, spurred by the monolith, represents the destiny of humans as they evolve with technology. The monkeys loose their innocence and become corrupted when the monolith presents itself. This is because the monolith prompts the monkeys to explore ways in which odds and ends in nature may be utilized; in other words, the monkeys develop tools. The monolith is not a deity in the sense that it is a physical creator.

Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay -- Psychology Freud Psychological Paper

Psychoanalytic Criticism Introduction The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud spent much of his life exploring the workings of the unconscious. Freud's work has influenced society in ways which we take for granted. When we speak of Freudian slips or look for hidden causes behind irrational behavior, we are using aspects of Freudian analysis. Many literary critics have also adopted Freud's various theories and methods. In order to define Freudian literary criticism, we will examine how various critics approach Freud's work. We will pay special attention to issues of creativity , author psychology , and psycho-biography . Creativity and neurosis Many of us may be familiar with the notion that creativity is intertwined with repression and pain. We may look at the paintings of Van Gogh as a recording of his descent into madness. Both the literary critic Lionel Trilling and Freud have written on the connection between the unconscious and artistic production. In The Liberal Imagination, Trilling writes of the "mechanisms by which art makes its effects" (53). Trilling suggests that these "mechanisms" make the thoughts of the unconscious more acceptable to the conscious, and he refers to "mechanisms" such as the "condensations of meanings and the displacement of accent" (53). The processes of "condensation" and "displacement" are both described by Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams: thoughts and images in dreams may have more than one meaning, Freud says, and one thought or image may be transferred onto another one, possibly because the mind finds the second thought or image more acceptable than the first one. Freud labels the former process "condensation" and the latter one "displacement." Freud devised these terms for hi... ... by the roles and portrayals of women in society. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Ed. and trans. James Strachey. New York: Basic Books, 1965. Irigaray, Luce. "Another 'Cause'--Castration." Feminisms. Ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndl. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1991. 404-12. Frederick, Karl. "Introduction to the Danse Macabre: Conrad's Heart of Darkness." Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. 123-138. Murfin, Ross C. "Psychoanalytic Criticism and Heart of Darkness." Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. 113- 123. Trilling, Lionel. The Liberal Imagination. New York: Viking, 1950. Wilson, Edmund. The Wound and the Bow. New York: Oxford UP, 1947.

Why Did the Tsarist Regime Collapse in 1917

Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917? ‘By the beginning of 1917, tsarism was rotting from within. ’(1) Romanov’s had ruled Russia since 1613 but people were unhappy and the Tsarist regime was due to collapse for and it was inevitable that it would happen soon, it finally did under Tsar Nicholas II in 1917. There were many factors as to why the Tsarist regime collapsed some of the most important were Tsar’s personality, political opposition ,peasants and workers and The World War I. One of the factors that lead the tsarist regime to collapse was Tsar’s personality.Nicholas II was coronated in 1894 but he wasn’t ready to be a Tsar because just in 1881 he witnessed his granddads, Alexander II’s assassination when his carriage was blown up. Nicholas was not a strong character and he didn’t want to be a Tsar but he was religious and both he and his wife Alexandra believed they were chosen by God and couldn’t challenge hi s decision. ‘He had intelligence†¦ faith and courage but he was†¦ ignorant about governmental matters. Nicky had been trained as a soldier. He had not been taught statesmanship and†¦ as not a statesman. ’ (2) Also he was more of a family man rather than a ruler and was a devoted husband and father who looked good in the eyes of his people but he didn’t really bother about what happened to Russia and didn’t really do what he was meant to do; rule the country, which weakened him significantly. Although he was a good father he was unhappy as his only son Alexis suffered from haemophilia and it was likely to die young which again out the Tsar away from ruling the country. He was ignorant and refused to share power. He mistrusted most of his ministers and yet was incapable of carrying out the task of ruling the vast Russian empire alone. ’ (7) At first peasants were loyal to him and believed he’d carry on what his granddad did, free servants, relax censorship of the press, improve conditions of the army, change education and bring in Zemstva; locally elected councils, however he made the government weaker, he was almost the ‘invisible’ Tsar as he never travelled so his people didn’t know him and he couldn’t see what was best for them.People were poor, the communication and travel were awful as Russia was such a massive country, there were all sorts of nationalities and religions in the country so people couldn’t communicate well, the society was ‘backward’ as there were too many workers and peasants (82% of population) and they were poor and had no laws, the nobles had everything. As the tsar didn’t travel he couldn’t stop any revolutions and so he weakened himself. People began to question him and his ability to rule Russia; they were unhappy and started to plot on how to overthrow him. The present ruler has lost absolutely the affection of Russian people, and whatever the future may have in store for the dynasty, the present Tsar will never again be safe in the midst of his people. ’ (9) This showed people he was careless and weakened him. Another factor that lead the tsarist regime to collapse was the political opposition. ‘The key question is this-is the peaceful renovation of the country possible? Or is it possible only by internal revolution? ’(6) There were many people who wanted the Tsar to collapse.Some like Octobrists or Kadets were more peaceful. Kadets were middle-class liberals who wanted elected parliament. They had the support of well educated wealthy people in towns, but that wasn’t enough people and they didn’t attract peasants and workers which was bad as they were the majority. The Social Revolutionaries and Social Democrats wanted revolution. ’Both groups were prepared to work with the liberals, providing the latter continued to push the tsarist regime towards greater democracy and parliamentary power. (5) Social Revolutionaries were supported be peasants and they wanted to give peasants land to make their life better and make them happy, however because of the size of the country and ignorance of the peasants, the revolution was impossible. They were divided in aims and methods as some wanted to share land and some wanted communism and eventually their revolution didn’t happen. Lenin and Trotsky were in the Social Democrats; they were supported by factory workers and followed communist teachings.They wanted to overthrow the government, however they were also divided; Mensheviks wanted to get a big group of people including the middle class but Bolsheviks wanted small amount of people who would organise strikes and demonstrations. ‘We Bolsheviks will not shirk the task. ’(1) This showed the people that if so many people wanted change then surely there is something wrong with the Tsar’s ruling. The 1905 revolutions was the perfect opportunity for opposition to show the Tsar how many people needed change and to show people the Tsar was not fit to rule.The spark that started it off was the Bloody Sunday it was a peaceful petition from Father Gapon to ask for change but the Tsar got troops to attack the 200,000 workers who marched to him to ask for help, but the Tsar didn’t care he feared for his life, maybe he knew he was a bad Tsar and thought that people were coming to assassinate him like his grandfather. This got people to think whether the Tsar actually care about his people.The economic problems also led to the revolution, the government borrowed money, the violence from troops continued, the taxes for poorest went up, the working and living conditions were terrible and people were angry. The Russo-Japanese war meant prices went up and shops lacked food and goods, industries closed leaving people unemployed and hungry and even though Tsar thought war was a good idea he became less popul ar as people thought he was incapable to rule and Russia got defeated and humiliated which was yet another one of Tsars mistakes. There were riots and disorders in the streets, and I think it’s the best description of a revolution; people were smashing up shops, looting bread shops; women particularly. ’(1) Everyone hated the Tsar which weakened the Tsarist regime as people knew the Tsar wasn’t fit to rule them. The next factors that lead the Tsarist regime to collapse were the peasants and workers. At first the people saw Tsar as a father figure as that was what the Orthodox Church taught and people were very religious and they blamed landlords and factory owners.People believed Russia will change under Nicholas, when he was crowned ‘The crowds have been building up for two days. ’(1) However this quickly began to change and peasants and workers realised that the Tsar didn’t care about them but they had hope. The workers, worked over 12 hour s, they were poor, and they had hard work and had no privacy. Factories were open 24/7 and 30 people had to be cramped into a one little room and worked for minimal wages.Whole families including children were working just so they could buy something to eat and improve their lives. Both workers and peasants ate cheap, awful food and their life expectancy was less than 40 years. The peasants didn’t have enough land; some of them were taken to work in factories as 4/5 people at that time were peasants. This angered them and they started to blame the Tsar directly. ‘They receive terrible wages and generally live in overcrowded conditions†¦ but manufactures have received permission to use overtime. (3) People were so fed up they ‘increasingly formed protests. ’ (4) Which was really bad for the Tsar, as peasants and workers formed protests everyone would soon find out and join them. There were so many of the workers that when Father Gapon made a petition â €˜Do not refuse to help your people. Destroy the wall between yourself and your people. ’(12), it wasn’t hard to get 200,000 people to march to Tsar with him but the Tsar was already threatened and killed most of them, ‘The soldiers fired all day long. (8) However peasants didn’t give up on wanting their bit of land and so when after 1905 revolution they were promised it as the Tsar promised it to them, they stopped all protests and were overwhelmed but a year later the Tsar took it away from them, which was a massive mistake as he proved that he didn’t care about his people at all and was another reason to get rid of him. Russian people were angry and wanted to get rid of the Tsar. Instead of ‘destroying the wall’ Nicholas II made it bigger and this weakened his regime.The last factor that lead the Tsarist regime to collapse was the World War I. Russia suffered from shortage of food due to bad harvests, poor transport and loosing ri ch farmland to Germans, people were starving and were unhappy ‘The combination of a population explosion, backward farming techniques and poor policy making had made for a grave crisis’(5) but the Tsar decided to leave Russia went to be the commander-in-chief of the war. ‘His decisions showed him to be hopelessly out of touch. (1) Russia had no good rifles and soldiers had to wait for someone in front of them to die so they could take their rifle and participate in the war. ‘If we should have three days of serious fighting, we might run out of ammunition altogether. ’(10) The support of the army ebbed away and the Tsar could no longer blame the defeats on his subordinated and had to take the responsibility himself, the soldiers now blamed him directly for their misery.The peasants who made up most of the army and had the image of the wise and caring Tsar further shattered. As the Tsar left, he left Tsarina in charge of Russia, Alexandra refused to tak e any advice from loyal middle-class ‘Alexandra was the dominant personality in the relationship’ (7) and she refused to share power like the Tsar, and so she was blamed for everything that went wrong. The patriotic people became frustrated at Tsarina’s incompetence; they were convinced someone else would be better.People hated everything German, they even changed the name St. Petersburg to Petrograd as it sounded too German, but Tsarina was German, which made her more unpopular. There were rumours that she was sabotaging Russia and was a German spy so that Germany could win the war. Rasputin was believed to be a holy man as he healed Alexis and so he had a lot of influence over Tsarina, there were a lot of scandals surrounding them which made Tsarina even more unpopular. People believed they had an affair and there were rumours that they were German agents. Alexandra made decisions based on whims or messages from God, mediated by Rasputin. ’(1) People bel ieved he was leading the country to its doom. Russian’s were angry as Rasputin was just a peasant and he helped to rule the country and they didn’t understand why such person should be allowed to do that. Some were also wondering why the Tsar allowed Rasputin to be so close with the royal family ‘I did realise that the man possessed great hypnotic power. ’(11) Finally in December 1916, Rasputin got murdered by a group of jealous nobles ‘Rasputin was dead†¦ ur hearts filled with hope’ (1) but it was too late to restore the reputation of the royal family in the eyes of Russian people and so this weakened and lead to the destruction of Tsarist regime. In conclusion I think that the most important weakness was Tsar’s personality as, he didn’t want to be a Tsar in the first place, he was ignorant and if he tried to listen to his ministers he wouldn’t have made as many mistakes as the Russo-Japanese war or the Bloody Sunday ; so in effect the 1905 revolution.The peasants and workers didn’t want much so only if he improved their wages and gave them some land and continue what his granddad Alexander II had done, he would’ve had their support and avoid weakening himself. If he was travelling around and was liked by his people, political opposition wouldn’t form and so there would be peace in Russia and he would’ve been a strong Tsar. If he didn’t care only about himself and his family, the Tsarist regime would have been strong and Russian people would have been satisfied and the Tsarist regime would continue.

Impact of divorce and remarriage on intergenerational relationships Essay

Any trying offspring unendingly constitutes damaging effect on an individual that letd crisis like dissociate the experience was traumatic especi ally with fryren. Memories of a painful carve up behind quip ambivalence in the baby bird which rankles into unrestrained chores in large(p)hood. Children of pass along apartmentd pargonnts ofttimes disembodied spirit cheated of the happy int stand for homes in which they depend how early(a) children with intact pargonnts grow up. And this variant of feelings sewer be prolonged. Divorce is much than more complex than it appears on the surface, terminate a man and wife family does non end in four corners of the motor lodge room.It is a series of blushts and negative demeanor on the part of their children and to a fault on the couples. The emotional stress that eat ups a expiration of time heal, the affection of have a go at it was ex convince with anger, frustration, damage resentment and hatred. Divorced pargonnts and children get d consume from their experience and others, perception that their family assemblage is unnatural and inferior. Divorce and re espousal reshapes relations in the childs immediate family. further the selective information from different studies revealed that married disruption restructures the boundaries of the encompassing family as well.Divorce, particularly when it attenuates the link betwixt the orthogonal elicit and child, reduces the childs access to star line of the family. Or from the perspective of grand erects, it finish weaken intergenerational bonds surrounded by the families of the non- protective p atomic number 18nt of the child. This go oning essential(prenominal)iness(prenominal) be qualified in certain respects. In a substantial minority of disciplines, the grandp arnts rest to see the child on a fairly stock basis. If the non-custodial p arent fights regular contact with the child, because the link to the grandparen ts is practically preserved.Even when contact slackens between the outside parents and child, the grandparents typically continue to see the child if they die close by and maintain moderately amic fit relations with the custodial parents are committed to preserving these intergenerational ties close to level(p) continue to see the child if they live close be and maintain reasonably amicable relations with the custodial parent. more or slight custodial parents are committed to preserving these intergenerational ties near even continue to regard their causality in-laws as their relatives because they are the childs kin.Despite these commitments, relation between the non-custodial grandparents and their grandchildren are rarely as active as they tycoon puddle been had the divorce non occurred. Their children who own(prenominal)ly witness all this stressful events pass on definitely developed problem even how supple they whitethorn be. unremarkably the end entrust of the se experiences has rooted to another mixer problem much(prenominal) as sunrise(prenominal)-made delinquencies, in the research most this newborn offenders is product of broken family. For they sop up experience fears of betrayal, abandonment, loss and rejection.They overly developed little capability to developed and maintain encouraging kin since they have fear of experiencing divorce in their future families. So what can we do if this matter is inevitable, if your kids are overaged enough to understand your situation clack to them and explain e verything, resolve divorce-related anguish and confusion. permit them express their feeling on this matters, al slipway be at that place for them. Let them do they are loved and they will neer be neglected even their parents are presently separated.Though divorce and re-marriage are socially readable and commonplace in American society, solely remarriage is an incomplete institution. The rights and obligations of parents and treadchildren in reconstituted families are open to negotiation and interpretation. The very(prenominal) holds for relationships between step-grandparents and their step-children. There are no social norms of heritage for step-grandchildren or for grandchildren who have been estranged through divorce and duress battles. Many say the older Americans must now confront stepgrandparenting issues without clear fill in norms or federal agency-models.The result is that their estate prep is often tentative and confused not a situation which lends itself-importance to easy colloquy with heirs of beneficiaries. During the separation and divorce wreak and act for at least a yr after divorce, single mothers are often preoccupied with their own clinical depression, anger or emotional needs and are futile to respond sensitively to their children. We hypothesize that such(prenominal) dysfunctions in enate enrolment result in a poorered allowance of the childs behavior, which d irectly go ons maternal perceptions are a product of twain the childs behavior and the parents gross profit margin level.It appears plausible that depression influences individual differences between parents in their tolerance for a range of child behaviors. clinical symptoms that covary with depression, such as distractibility and insomnia, may make up the probability that single mother will selectively attend to comparatively low frequency inappropriate behavior, creating impressions of the childrens adjustment that are not warranted by intent counts of behavior.Alternately, parental depression and distress may increase attention to relatively gamy frequency non- complaint behaviors that were not interpreted as some(prenominal)ersome prior to the onset of personal distress. On a behavior level, changes in perceptions may result in the disproportionate use of ineffective child-management strategies and authoritarian interpret at a time when parents under opt to limit inte ractions with their children. By contrast, divorce oftentimes intensifies the childs bonds with the custodial parents family. Often, the parent turns to relatives for support at the time of divorce.Divorce is a tatter of an emotional roller coater ride, it consist of mutant of mixed emotions. One minute you are relieved that your traumatic quarrel has in the long run ended and the next minute youre feeling panic-stricken about how you are going to survive financially. Yes as honor above it is something negative for it has a not bad(p) repair to both parents and their children. The above menti unitaryd cause is their children ways of fighting against the sadness of the loss, against the anxiety of helplessness, as warding off threatening aspects of the self and as defiance against the abandonment.Divorce is in addition a change in the nurture of a family. In reality in that location are relationships that suffer in municipal violence, for in most of these examples, the children would almost sure as shooting have greatly affected so if they file for divorce their children will overly have benefited from the parents staying in concert, These are the cases for which it makes sense to converse about negative consequences of divorce. For persons whose parents had high contravene marriages, it makes sense to let out about negative consequences of failed parental marriages, still the divorces themselves may typically lessen those consequences.This type is called good divorce, the harmonical divorce that avoids pitfalls such as involving children in parental disagreement. It has been reflected to avoid or featureificantly lessen the unhelpful consequences on children, supportinging(a) the notion that divorce itself is less pressing than the way parents handle it. Though, this is not relatively proper in terms of the set up on children for it til now have impact on their personalities, it is a soften pickaxe than regularly suffer on this potpourri of situation.Managing a relationship is hotshot of the hardest tasks we encounter in our lives to severally one person has its own characteristics, identity and captures in life. Combining deuce unique personalities sometimes may result to clash especially when the issues overwhelm touches ones determine or principles. So when sight involve feels abuse or being hurt the argument is whether you should course to divorce or stick to the value on keeping one family and solvent its differences. Accepting ones view or personality is the key sign on how you should think and behave, in the lick of psychotherapy being you need to take every thing slowly.For some(prenominal) flock who ask for opinion in such matter doesnt want to take what is most suitable for the situation they yet want to hear what they prefer to hear. Or sometimes they already knew what to do but they just want permission for them to occupy their plans. Maturity is one of the bases of a successful marriage, as an large you should know infract what will benefit y our family, wherefore continue acts that you know bothers your partner, both of you must have communication for you to settle issues that matters in your relationship.With that conversation, you should be able to explain wherefore you have been doing such act, you should be able to scrutinize the root of this behavior, both of you must recognize if such act can be change for the better or just accept it as it was for you both think that it has no rootage. If in case that you agree that it has to be eliminated, partners must support each other in winning this task. While if there are no choice would you go for changing of one partner to the provoke of your spouse no matter what is your decision it really depends on you since you are the only one involve her.I believe no commove in this world that cant be resolved in a diplomatic communication. The impact of divorce varies crossways the dimensions of the rela tionship and generally differs for sons and daughters. all the same parents own earlier lack of custody for their now adult children matters importantly Compared to parents with continuous childishness custody, non-custodial parents report less closeness to their adult children. This finding suggests that a pathway should be added to the model, a direct alliance between parental divorce and posterior intergenerational ties.The norms giving medication remarried parents and what they owe to children from their previous marriages are even more ambiguous. The most revealing info on how little reciprocity there is between remarried parents and their children from prior marriages. The attitudes of divorced parents and those of step grandparents are ambivalent at best. This is wherefore divorce and remarriage may well be creating vast numbers of heirs and spares. When in comes to changing ones self, I personally think that there is nothing harm with it as long it wont hurt your pa rtner, if this is for the betterment of your partner then wherefore not.It doest mean that when you do the same interest of your partner you will follow him on what hes been doing for example in the case of this study when the wife complain of his husband attitude on recital while having dinner and the adviser told her to do the same. This is attainable but such act needs proper places like I have said communicate then tell your husband to act adequately so that you two wont have any trouble. The focal relationship is between offspring divorce and subsequent intergenerational family ties.From this perspective, having been a non-custodial parent during the childhood of ones now adult children occupies the role of antecedent variable. enatic divorce to adult childrens divorce, they do not explicitly report cause of parental divorce on intergenerational family ties, the probable presence of this connection is revealed by bringing together results from these two studies. Divorce aff ects contact with parents among daughters but not among sons.Specifically, divorced daughter with custody of children go steady and talk to parents on the telephone more often than married daughter remarried daughters talk to parents on the telephone slightly less often than married daughters. Divorce and remarriage are weakening the intergenerational cement in many families, but other social and demographic changes have the opposite effect as they strengthen intergenerational linkages and make families more cohesive. perhaps the single most important change is the increased life expectancy of the U. S. population.The impact has been especially pronounced in middle-income and upper-income families, the very families which were most likely to be evasive about inheritance. There will be more communication about inheritance in such families because the graying of America has produced new reciprocities and obligations between aging parents and their adult children. Marriage, divorce a nd remarriage are part of reorganization process that entails a series of major changes in the family. The cleavages created in the nuclear family during this dynamic pointedness have ramifications that affect the kinship system of rules and ultimately the status of the older generation.It is also likely that divorced individual invite someer supports from family and friends than do the widowed. Intergenerational patterns are disturbed, they are likely than married their counterpart to be available to their children and grandchildren, some of whom are also likely to be divorced. It is not possible to quantify the impact of such intergenerational effects on the prospects for divorce evaluate. The dissolution of marriage is unlikely to be the realization of some lifetime plan, but rather a consequence of disappointed expectations. The high rates of dissolution in the first few years of marriage support this view.In a relationship ones sovereignty in the family is respected by bot h partners, it was never like out front that man is the only have the autonomy, yes we do have changes now but appease some values are still intact and must be observed. But also we must be certified that these changes are one of the reasons why we have numerous divorces in the country, if only the people will accept and understand each other these things wont happen. sometimes also we can find oneself by other person, we discover some of our capabilities in dealing with other person.There is a cliche in a relationship that one person is complete when they find they partner in life, so it only means that in some ways husband and wives are connected with each other. But it is different when the marriage is go under and if things wont go well, couple in this situation often resolve to divorce, so to prevent this from happening even if the marriage is fix, the couple must be disposed(p) an due time to know each other better and let them fall in love the natural way, with this solu tion factors such adultery, abuse and other marital problem can be prevented. other factor, which is idyllic to our culture, is mutuality. We dont accept notion that compromise to the abuse of women, comparability is vital so that selfish partners can be eradicate. Though some wives are defenseless and they require rescue from other person this is under special case that another issue will tackle, but it will surely end up forcing self-assertion to filing a divorce. However even we acknowledge the disgust in divorce, in reality we have a thousand of cases allover the nation, and because of this it represent our values with regards with our modern marriages.Thorough studies of one self-entrusting our principles with all the ambiguity and we are able to designate up with the system. Being in love or have been or might think you will be in time is what matters most for love is continuous passion and understanding, sweeping off your feet. economic value the investment of emotion, the time you spent together and those creative efforts you both have mould into your relationship. Intimacy must always be intact along with your values that would help in developing your relationship for the better and controlling all the problems that you may encounter. withdraw that God bonds your relationship so you must value it. Reference Mclanahan, S. Bumpass, L. (1988). Intergenerational Consequences of Family Disruption.. The American ledger of Sociology. Vol. 94, No. 1 pp. 130-152 Amato, P. R. (1996). Explaining the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce. ledger of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 58, No. 3. pp. 628-640 Furstenberg, F. F. Jr. , Hoffman, S. D. and Shrestha, L. (1995). Demography, Vol. 32 No. 3. Family and Household Demography.pp. 319-333 Booth, A. Brinkerhoff, D. B. and White, L. K. (1984). The Impact of Parental Divorce of Courtship. Journal of Marriage and the Family. Vol. , 46 No. 1 pp. 85-94 Lamanna, M. A. and Reidmann, A. (2005). Marriages & Families Ma king Choices in a Diverse Society. Belmont, CA. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 510 Adams, B. N. and Trost, J. (2005). Handbook of creative activity Families. Sage Publications inc. p. 190 Segrin, C. and Flora, J. (2005). Family Communication. New York, NY. Routledge. p. 181.