Nursing Education Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Education Philosophy - Essay Example According to the report findings  constructivist is defined as a method that is based on observation and scientific on how people learn study. Nursing training should support learners to have an organized way of applying knowledge. As there are significant differences in how nurses are supervised within the realm of nurse education in Oman as compared to other countries in the West, those differences form the focus of this paper. Currently, in Oman, nursing students receive their academic education, clinical supervision and speciality training from the same academic educators. This is in contrast to how nurses are educated in the UK, the United States, Australia, and most of Europe wherein nursing students have the academic component, which emphasized the practical part using simulation for accurate leaning, and engage with professionals in the field as part of higher education.  This paper highlights that  a lens of Constructivist will frame the paper in order to examine the e fficacy and value of this current method that utilizes both observational and scientific justification in drawing conclusion in nursing education. Constructivist is a normative ethical theory that holds that the most effective and economical action is the one considered to support learners in constructing their knowledge while under the supervision of a facilitator.  The information requires re-publishing in order to produce the most efficient methodology that involve the finding a result that aligns with the goals of nursing practice.

Equality Act and Disability Essay Example for Free

Equality Act and Disability Essay The primary purpose of the Act is to codify the complicated and numerous array of Acts and Regulations, which formed the basis of anti-discrimination law in Great Britain. This was, primarily, the Equal Pay Act 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Race Relations Act 1976, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and three major statutory instruments protecting discrimination in employment on grounds of religion or belief, sexual orientation and age. This legislation has the same goals as the four major EU Equal Treatment Directives, whose provisions it mirrors and implements. [1] It requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services, regardless of the protected characteristics of age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. In the case of gender, there are special protections for pregnant women. However, the Act allows transsexual people to be barred from gender-specific services if that is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. [2] In the case of disability, employers and service providers are under a duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplaces to overcome barriers experienced by disabled people. In this regard, the Equality Act 2010 did not change the law. Under s.217, with limited exceptions the Act does not apply to Northern Ireland Defining disability under the equalties act – this is the part of the legal aspect of my job as a TA supporting students with individual needs Under the Equality Act 2010 you are disabled if you have a physical or mental impairment that has a ‘substantial’ and ‘long-term’ negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities. What substantial and long term mean:- †¢ ‘substantial’ is more than minor or trivial eg it takes much longer than it usually would to complete a daily task like getting dressed †¢ ‘long-term’ means 12 months or more eg a breathing condition that develops as a result of a lung infection There are special rules about recurring or fluctuating conditions, for example, arthritis. Progressive conditions A progressive condition is a condition that gets worse over time. People with progressive conditions can be classed as disabled. However, you automatically meet the disability definition under the Equality Act 2010 from the day you’re diagnosed with HIV infection, cancer or multiple sclerosis. What isn’t counted as a disability Some conditions aren’t covered by the disability definition. These include addiction to non–prescribed drugs or alcohol. To find out about the conditions which aren’t covered, download the ‘Equality Act Guidance’

Susan Hills Women in Black and Mary Shellys Frankenstein :: English Literature

Susan Hill's 'Women in Black' and 'Mary Shelly's 'Frankenstein' The word gothic means 18th Century literature referring to a frightening manner of content being used. I have chosen two gothic novels to indicate the typical features of a gothic novel. One is Susan Hill's 'Women in Black' and 'Mary Shelly's 'Frankenstein'. These two gothic novels concentrate on the two major worries within society when these books were published. Frankenstein concentrates on the pre-curser on science fiction. This pre-curser in Frankenstein is man's objective to play god. Frankenstein was written in a period of time when science was elevating but society in general was afraid to accept a progress being made by man they preferred progresses justified by God. Mary Shelly could relate to her novel of 'Frankenstein' to the period of time when it was written because the many people living in the 18th century when she was alive, were driven by religion not by science and new revelations being made by man were considered to be playing god. In Mary Shelly's Frankenstein she states in the introduction of the book that, during the time period when Frankenstein was written the majority of published novels were not gripping or new and her novel would make an unusual change to which society can relate to. The Women in black concentrates on the grief when losing a young child. This was published in 2000 and it is relatable towards today's society because a lot parents today can relate to having children and know how protective they are towards their own children. Personally since I do not have children of my own I found it difficult to relate with the grief the characters posses and from that my general interest in the story began to sway. The typical feature a gothic novel possesses is setting the scene. The second chapter of The Women in Black concentrates on the surroundings, the author portrays the weather on a Monday afternoon in November as a lightning heart of change, never seeming to come fully light and also raw to and a yellow fog, a filthy fog, evil smelling fog, a fog that choked and blinded, smeared and stained. Susan Hill instantaneously creates a felling of ill being and fear. The novel begins in November which is a symbolism of death, creating negative atmosphere to begin the novel with. In comparison with Mary Shelly's Frankenstein this is very similar. When the creature Frankenstein is created, the Author portrays the weather and time of day as a, dreary night of November. Also instantaneously Mary shelly has created a felling of fear describing the event to occur again in the month of November and also

Planning, Organising, Learning and Controlling Essay

Stahl is a global market leader in chemicals for the leather industry. Today, Stahl operates 8 manufacturing sites and 30 strategically located technical service laboratories around the globe including here in Singapore (www.stahl.com). The role I posses is hybrid in nature where I am not only accountable for sales targets of certain South East Asia countries but also oversee the development of higher quality and more economical products to our current product range. As a Technical Advisor in Stahl, I am considered to be a Front-Line Manager (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Sharma, Scott-Laden, 2011, p. 13). The problems we faced are that our customers are complaining that our prices are too expensive as they are able to source for cheaper and yet, better products from our competitors. Basing on my customer interactions and company reports (Stahl Asia SEA Analytical & Market Report 2012, p.15-36); we have lost as much as 20% of our business to our competitors over the last 12 months. We had to change something to how we manage our business, to be competitive and still maintain our position and profit. Bartol et al (2011, p. 72) has explained, like any other company in the world, Stahl is surrounded by 2 external environments. They are the General or Mega-Environment where many companies have limitations in changing or altering it directly. As Davidson, Simon, Woods, Griffin (2009, p.150) points out, the impact of the environment are often vague, imprecise and long term. Thus many organisations majorly tend to focus on the Task or Specific Environment where managers can identify the environmental factor of interest to their company and influence it to their advantage. Stahl has mainly the Competitor, Customer or Supplier to contend within our specific environment but Supplier was chosen, as this was the main element that was causing our market share to be lost. This essay will explore how the Supplier has impacted the way I Plan, Organise, Lead and Control within my organisation. Both Bartol et al (2011, p. 77) and Davidson et al (2009, p. 152) have defined that suppliers are companies or organisations that provide resources such as raw materials, products or services for their day-to-day operations. This element specifically impacts my organisation because we were having too many suppliers that gave huge variances in quality in the raw materials acquired. Sudden surges in production also meant that costs went up due to expensive airfreight charges to facilitate our production. This often meant that part of the costs was often passed on to the customer who is already unhappy about paying more for our expensive product. Something had to change. Even though I am not involved with higher management and their strategies, it was through the company meeting reports (Stahl Asia Review & Actions 2013) and interaction with my immediate manager that I understand we have reduced from 10 to 2 suppliers. This streamline is vital as they can commit to the price we want as we are able to buy in bulk on a regular basis. The quality supplied can be assured as our raw material comes from a reliable source. Furthermore, our supplier is willing to keep a certain amount of raw material in their warehouse should our production decides to surge, at no extra costs. With all this planning in action, this allows us to price our products competitively without harming our profit margin. This in turn in the long run it will enable us to not only regain back our market share but also expand it. The supplier’s element has impacted my job from a Planning, Organising, Leading and Controlling perspective in the following ways. Planning as pointed out by Davidson et al (2009, p. 13) is the setting of the company’s goals and deciding the best way to achieve them. Being a First-Line Manager (Bartol et al, 2011, p. 13) meant that I am not involved with the higher planning of strategies but was advised on it through my immediate manager. It meant that I had to understand the goals of the company which was to develop new products using the raw materials from our 2 suppliers. Organising according to Campling et al (2008, p. 20) is the importance of assigning tasks, resource allocation and the arranging coordinated individuals and groups to execute plan laid out by the management. My manager has assigned the Quality Control (QC) and the Reseach & Development (R&D) teams to support me in achieving our goal of producing a new product with our supplier. Davidson et al (2009, p. 6) mentions that Leading is a management function that motivates & influences others through means of communication and managing groups of people. The daily work interaction with the QC and R&D teams allows me to exercise another set of management skills known as Human Skills (Bartol et al 2011, p.12) that enables me to motivate my team to the required levels of change. With this it also meant I inherently took up the role as what Mintzberg (1980) defines as a leader. Bartol et al (2011, p. 6) explains that managers must take initiative to set and compare standards and if necessary, take corrective action. Thus in Controlling, Davidson et al (2009, p. 14) states that it’s the final management process whereby the company monitors its progress towards its goals. Even though my developed product maybe finalized and have met the standards set by us. I still had to have the product tested by my customer in order to ascertain if it’s acceptable for them. In conclusion, by understanding the problems we faced in losing our business, my company reacted by changing one of the Specific Environments that has the most effect to us, the Supplier. It was the one that we could best change and improve our situation. Hence this change has led me to Plan, Organise, Lead and Control within my organization and as I was a First-Line Manager, I found myself leading most of the times to achieve our company goals.

Giving Advice on How “Actors Should Play Their Role in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Essay

You are going to write in role as Gregory Doran, the new artistic director of the Royal Shakespeare Company. You are going to give a lecture to the actors you have chosen to plsy Romeo, Benvolio and Mercutio. What advice would you give them about how and why they should act in Act 3 Scene 1? In Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo & Juliet, Shakespeare raises the excitement and the tension throughout the scene by using dramatic tension between the characters, provocative and threatening dialogue, strong language effects, and sharp vital violence.The sudden, fatal violence in the first scene of Act 3, as well as the buildup to the fighting, serves as a reminder that, for all its emphasis on love, beauty, and romance, Romeo and Juliet still takes place in a masculine world in which notions of honor, pride, and status are prone to erupt in a fury of conflict. The viciousness and dangers of the play’s social environment are dramatic tools that Shakespeare employs to make the lovers’ romance seem even more precious and fragile—their relationship is the audience’s only respite from the brutal world pressing against their love. The scene begins with Mercutio continuously brushing off Benvolio’s advice as a peacekeeper to keep calm and he instead accuses Ben volio of being a hypocrite. This implies that Mercutio is very obstinate and is quick to cast suspicions and false accusations on others without much thinking. Mercutio accuses that Benvolio is just as violent and hot headed as him, â€Å"Come, come, thou art as hot a Jack in thy mood as any in Italy†, without any proof. This implies that Mercutio is the type of character to jump in head first and rarely listens to others’ advice. Later on in the scene, Benvolio exclaims ‘By my head here come the Capulets’ upon Tybalt’s arrival, and to this Mercutio replies â€Å"By my heel I care not†. The phrase ‘I care not’ notions that Mercutio does not see any problem in Tybalt’s arrival, which in turn means that he is intending on provoking a fight which accentuates that Clearly Mercutio is in an aggressive mood. Tybalt addresses Mercutio and Benvolio. â€Å" ‘Gentlemen, good den, a word with one of you’ † Up to this point, Tybalt is courteous – his quarrel is with Romeo, not with Benvolio or Mercutio. However Mercutio is extremely provocatice and he responds to Ty balt, asking a word with one of them with, â€Å"Make it a word and a blow.† The audience feels there is a fight in prospect. Which achieves Shakespeare’s purpose and intended effect. Mercutio is clearly being very confrontational in this scene, therefore, the actor should deliver his lines imposingly, loud and clear in a tone of anger. When Tybalt appears, he should spit his words and when provoking Tybalt, the actor should increase their volume and have a very irritated and aggressive facial expression by grinding his teeth. However, when imitating Tybalt and making a mockery out of him, his actions should be over the top. His movements at the beginning of the scene should reflect his provocative behaviour and therefore he should walk with big strides and a fast pace. As he is ignoring Benvolio’s advice, eye contact should be avoided up until the point that Mercutio accuses him. When this happens, the actor playing Mercution should suddenly stop to build up tension then turn around and point at Benvolio. Mercutio’s costume should be a r ed sleeveless shirt as red reflects aggression , with tattered and ripped pants if possible to emphasis his wild nature. Another option for the top is a leather jacket and piercings and metal studs as accessories to clearly showcase his obstinate and hot-headed personality. Romeo, by contrast, is as passionate about love as Tybalt and Mercutio are about hostility. Romeo appears, cheerful and contented with having wed Juliet only hours before, and unaware that he’s even been challenged to a duel. Until Mercutio dies, Romeo remains emotionally distinct from the other characters in the scene. Romeo walks atop his euphoric cloud buoyed by blissful thoughts of marriage to Juliet, peace, unity, and harmony. In response to Tybalt’s attempts to initiate a fight, Romeo tells Tybalt that he loves â€Å"thee better than thou canst devise.† Ironically, Romeo’s refusal to duel with Tybalt brings about the very acceleration of violence he sought to prevent. When Romeo enters the scene, Tybalt and Mercutio are in the middle of a scuffle, he immediately tries to not be drawn into the fiery atmosphere and tries to keep calm. â€Å"Doth much excuses the appertaining rage to such a greeting.† The word ‘excuse; was deliberately used by Shakespeare to convince the audience that Romeo is not interested in violence but rather peace and wellbeing of all are his best interests. While talking, â€Å"Romeo† should be very soft-spoken and not provocative in anyway. Eye contact should be avoided and eyes should be averted to the feet to show timidness and reluctance to fight. When Mercutio and Tybalt are about to fight, he even tries to persuade Mercutio to â€Å"put thy rapier up†. The fact that he asks his best friend to stop fighting instead of the opposing side shows that he is completely passive in violence and displays his desperation for peace. During the conflict, the actor playing Romeo should never retaliate but instead tolerate all hits or simply avoid them to depict his passive and peaceful nature. However, after Mercutio is injured and dies, his attitude should change completely and resemble that of Mercutio’s. â€Å"Romeo’s† behaviour should then be similar to Mercutio’s. While challenging Tybalt and fighting with him, the actor playing Romeo should show no hint compassion, a stern face and and clenched fi sts with a to reflect his change demeanor as stated in the book, â€Å"And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now†. After Tybalt’s death by his hands, Romeo should then retreat into confusion, reflecting on what he has done. â€Å"Oh I am fortune’s fool!† The word ‘fool’ suggests that Romeo admits that he was overwhelmed by anger and blind fury at that point in time and regrets being unable to control himself. Romeo’s costume should be very sophisticated after returning from his wedding with Juliet and therefore he should be well-groomed. During his battle with Tybalt, his clothes should then be torned and messy to symbolise his transition from a peaceful person into a murderer full of vengeance. Benvolio still maintains his status as a peacekeeper throughout the entire play, however, unlike romeo he totally does not involves himself in any conflict and always prefers to just watch form the side, and this can be interpreted in theatrical set-up to advice the actor playing Benvolio to never be the centre of attention on stage and to position himself either d ownstage, or centre stage right, but never centre stage. At the beginning of the scene he advices Mercutio to stop wandering around as to avoid a conflict, â€Å"The day is hot and the Capels are abroad, And if we meet, we shall not ‘scape a brawl.† The phrase â€Å"not ‘scape† conveys the impression that Benvolio does not like to attract much attention and be drawn into violent combat. This characteristic can be interpreted as cowardice, but also wisdom. Benvolio knows that if another brawl occurs between the two families, someone will be killed and therefore tries to plan in advance, trying to omit all possibilities of a fight happening. Benvolio is also not offended when Mercutio makes advances on him and accuses him of being a hypocrite which portrays him as a matured character. Benvolio replies with â€Å"And what to?† to Mercutio’s statement and this presupposes that he pays no heed to Mercutio because he thinks of him as a child but is only worried that he will start a fight which explains his concern on Mercutio’s hot-headed behaviour. While trying to convince Mercutio to stop with his combative and warlike behaviour, the Benvolio’s actor should be very insistent that Mercutio calm down but indifferent towards his insults to reflect his maturity. When Tybalt enters the stage, Benvolio plays a smaller part and should move away from the center-stage in the moments that lead up to the fight to indicate his cowardice and reluctance to participate in combat. Once he starts explaining to the Prince what had happened, Benvolio should still maintain his composure and calmly explain the situation because in Shakespeare’s original version of Romeo and Juliet, his explanation is long, but still contains the key details of the event, â€Å"Tybalt, here slain, whose Romeo’s hand did slay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Benvolio should wear a green shirt, as green resembles peace and is the colour of nature, hence life which is an accurate symbol of Benvolio’s tendency to avoid brawls and conflicts. I have picked out and analysed single words from Act 3 Scene 1, I have commented on how Shakespeare get’s his message across and have started to develop an appreciation for the techniques that he uses. I have also given out advice on how the actors should deliver their lines, their facial expressions as well as physical gestures and their costumes.

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors Free Online Research Papers Recently the Internet has seen tremendous growth, with the ranks of new users swelling at ever-increasing rates. This expansion has catapulted it from the realm of academic research towards newfound mainstream acceptance and increased social relevance for the everyday individual. Yet this suddenly increased reliance on the Internet has the potential to erode personal privacies we once took for granted. New users of the Internet generally do not realize that every post they make to a newsgroup, every piece of email they send, every World Wide Web page they access, and every item they purchase online will be monitored or logged by some unseen third party. The impact on personal privacy is enormous; already we are seeing databases of many different kinds, selling or giving away collections of personal data, and this While the Internet brings the danger of diminished privacy, it also ushers in the potential for expanding privacy protection to areas where privacy was previously unheard of. This is our vision: restoration and revitalization of personal privacy for online activities, and betterment of society via privacy protection for fields where that was previously impossible. We want to bring privacy to the Internet, and bring the Internet to everyday privacy practices. The purpose of this paper is not to present new results, but rather to encourage further research in the area of Internet privacy protection, and to give an overview (necessarily brief in a short paper such as this) of privacy-enhancing technologies. Section 2 explores some motivation for studying privacy issues on the Internet, and Section 3 provides some relevant background. We then discuss Internet privacy technology chronologically, in three parts: Section 4 describes the technology of yesterday, Section 5 explains todays technology, and Section 6 explores the technology of tomorrow. Finally, we conclude in Section 7. Motivation The threats to ones privacy on the Internet are two-fold: your online actions could be (1) monitored by unauthorized parties and (2) logged and preserved for future access many years later. You might not realize that your personal information has been monitored, logged, and subsequently disclosed; those who would compromise your privacy have no incentive to warn you. The threat of long-term storage and eventual disclosure of personal information is especially acute on the Internet. It is technically quite easy to collect information (such as a compendium of all posts you have made to electronic newsgroups) and store it for years or decades, indexed by your name for easy retrieval. If you are looking for a job twenty years from now, do you want your employer to browse through every Usenet posting youve ever made? If you are like most people, you have probably said something (however minor) in your past you would prefer to forgetperhaps an incautious word from your indiscreet youth, for instance. Long-term databases threaten your ability to choose what you would like to disclose about your past. Furthermore, in recent years great advances have been made in technology to mine the Internet for interesting information. This makes it easy to find and extract personal information about you that you might not realize is available. (For instance, one of your family members might have listed information about you on their web page without your knowledge; Internet search engine technology would find this easily.) Did you know your phone number, email address, and street address are probably listed on the Web? Or that your social security number is available on any of several for-pay electronically-searchable databases? Most people probably do not want to make it easy for salesmen, telemarketers, an abusive ex, or a would-be stalker to find them. In these ways, the Internet contributes to the dossier effect, whereby a single query can compile a huge dossier containing extensive information about you from many diverse sources. This increasingly becomes a threat as databases containing personal information become electronically cross-linked more widely. A recent trend is to make more databases accessible from the Internet; with todays powerful search engine and information-mining technology, this is one of the ultimate forms of cross-linking. (For instance, phone directories, address information, credit reports, newspaper articles, and public-access government archives are all becoming available on the Internet.) The dossier effect is dangerous: when it is so easy to build a comprehensive profile of individuals, many will be tempted to take advantage of it, whether for financial gain, vicarious entertainment, illegitimate purposes, or other unauthorized use. Government is one of the biggest consumers and producers of dossiers of personal information, and as such should be viewed as a potential threat to privacy. The problem is that todays governments have many laws, surveillance agencies, and other tools for extracting private information from the populace [6]. Furthermore, a great many government employees have access to this valuable information, so there are bound to be some workers who will abuse it. There are many examples of small-scale abuses by officials: a 1992 investigation revealed that IRS employees at just one regional office made hundreds of unauthorized queries into taxpayer databases [2]; employees of the Social Security Administration have been known to sell confidential government records for bribes as small as $10 [22]; highly confidential state records of AIDS patients have leaked [3]. Finally, there is very little control or oversight, so an corrupt leader could easily misuse this information to seize and maintain po wer. A number of cautionary examples are available: FBI Director Edgar Hoover had his agency spy on political dissidents, activists, and opponents; the NSA, a secret military surveillance agency, has a long history of spying on domestic targets [5]; President Clintons Democratic administration found themselves with unauthorized secret dossiers on hundreds of Republican opponents in the Filegate scandal. Anonymity is one important form of privacy protection that is often useful. We observe that anonymity is often used not for its own sake, but primarily as a means to an end, or as a tool to achieve personal privacy goals. For example, if your unlisted telephone number is available on the web, but cant be linked to your identity because you have used anonymity tools, then this might be enough to fulfill your need for privacy just as effectively as if you had kept the phone number completely secret. Many applications of online anonymity follow the common theme of physical security through anonymity. For instance, political dissidents living in totalitarian regimes might publish an exposà © anonymously on the Internet to avoid harassment (or worse!) by the secret police. In contexts other than the Internet, anonymous social interaction is both commonplace and culturally accepted. For example, the Federalist papers were penned under the pseudonym Publius; many other well-known literary works, such as Tom Sawyer, Primary Colors, etc. were also written anonymously or under a pseudonym. Today, home HIV tests rely on anonymous lab testing; police tip lines provide anonymity to attract informants; journalists take great care to protect the anonymity of their confidential sources; and there is special legal protection and recognition for lawyers to represent anonymous clients. The US Postal Service accepts anonymous mail without prejudice; it is well-known that anonymous voice calls can be easily made by stepping into a payphone; and ordinary cash allows everyday people to purchase merchandise (say, a copy of Playboy) anonymously. In short, most non-Internet technology today grants the ordinary person access to anonymity. Outside of the Internet, anonymity is widely accepted and recognized as valuable in todays society. Long ago we as a society reached a policy decision, which we have continually reaffirmed, that there are good reasons to protect and value anonymity off the Internet; that same reasoning applies to the Internet, and therefore we should endeavor to protect online anonymity as well. There are many legitimate uses for anonymity on the Internet. In the long term, as people take activities theyd normally do offline to the Internet, they will expect a similar level of anonymity. In fact, in many cases, they wont even be able to imagine the extensive use this data could be put to by those with the resources and incentive to mine the information in a less-than-casual way. We should protect the ordinary user rather than requiring them to anticipate the various ways their privacy could be compromised. Moreover, the nature of the Internet may even make it possible to exceed those expectations and bring anonymity to practices where it was previously nonexistent. In the short term, there are a number of situations where we can already see (or confidently predict) legitimate use of Internet anonymity: support groups (e.g. for rape survivors or recovering alcoholics), online tip lines, whistleblowing, political dissent, refereeing for academic conferences, and merely the pur suit of everyday privacy of a less noble and grand nature. As the New Yorker magazine explained in a famous cartoon, On the Internet, nobody knows youre a dog[23]and this is perhaps one of the greatest strengths of the Internet. On the other hand, illicit use of anonymity is all too common on the Internet. Like most technologies, Internet anonymity techniques can be used for better or worse, so it should not be surprising to find some unfavorable uses of anonymity. For instance, sometimes anonymity tools are used to distribute copyrighted software without permission (warez). Email and Usenet spammers are learning to take advantage of anonymity techniques to distribute their marketing ploys widely without retribution. Denial of service and other malicious attacks are likely to become a greater problem when the Internet infrastructure allows wider support for anonymity. The threat of being tracked down and dealt with by social techniques currently acts as a partial deterrent to would-be intruders, but this would be eroded if they could use Internet tools to hide their identity. We have already seen one major denial of service attack [10] where the attacker obscured his IP source address to prevent tracing. Wid espread availability of anonymity will mean that site administrators will have to rely more on first-line defenses and direct security measures rather than on the deterrent of tracing. Providers of anonymity services will also need to learn to prevent and manage abuse more effectively. These topics are discussed at greater length in later sections. Background A few definitions are in order. Privacy refers to the ability of the individual to protect information about himself. Anonymity is privacy of identity. We can divide anonymity into two cases: persistent anonymity (or pseudonymity), where the user maintains a persistent online persona (nym) which is not connected with the users physical identity (true name), and one-time anonymity, where an online persona lasts for just one use. The key concept here is that of linkability: with a nym, one may send a number of messages that are all linked together but cannot be linked to the senders true name; by using one-time anonymity for each message, none of the messages can be linked to each other or to the users physical identity. Forward secrecy refers to the inability of an adversary to recover security-critical information (such as the true name of the sender of a controversial message) after the fact (e.g. after the message is sent); providers of anonymity services should take care to provi de forward secrecy, which entails (for instance) keeping no logs. Some of the more obvious uses of persistent anonymity are in message-oriented services, such as email and newsgroup postings. Here, the two major problems to be solved are those of sender-anonymity, where the originator of a message wishes to keep his identity private, and of recipient-anonymity, where we wish to enable replies to a persistent persona. In contrast to message-oriented services, we have online services. In these services, which include the World-Wide Web, online chat rooms, phones, videoconferences, and most instances of electronic commerce, we wish to enable two parties to communicate in real time, while allowing one or both of them to maintain their anonymity. The added challenges for online services stem from the increased difficulty involved in sending low-latency information without revealing identity via timing coincidences; to support these online services, we want to erect a general-purpose low-level infrastructure for anonymous Internet communications. In addition, certain specific applications, such as private electronic commerce, require sophisticated application-level solutions. Past In past years email was the most important distributed application, so it should not be surprising that early efforts at bringing privacy to the Internet primarily concentrated on email protection. Today the lessons learned from email privacy provide a foundation of practical experience that is critically relevant to the design of new privacy-enhancing technologies. The most primitive way to send email anonymously involves sending the message to a trusted friend, who deletes the identifying headers and resends the message body under his identity. Another old technique for anonymous email takes advantage of the lack of authentication for email headers: one connects to a mail server and forges fake headers (with falsified identity information) attached to the message body. (Both approaches could also be used for anonymous posting to newsgroups.) Of course, these techniques dont scale well, and they offer only very minimal assurance of protection. The technology for email anonymity took a step forward with the introduction of anonymous remailers. An anonymous remailer can be thought of as a mail server which combines the previous two techniques, but using a computer to automate the header-stripping and resending process [4, 16, 17, 24]. There are basically three styles of remailers; we classify remailer technology into types which indicate the level of sophistication and security. The anon.penet.fi (type 0) remailer was perhaps the most famous. It supported anonymous email senders by stripping identifying headers from outbound remailed messages. It also supported recipient anonymity: the user was assigned a random pseudonym at anon.penet.fi, the remailer maintained a secret identity table matching up the users real email address with his anon.penet.fi nym, and incoming email to the nym at anon.penet.fi was retransmitted to the users real email address. Due to its simplicity and relatively simple user interface, the anon.penet.fi remailer was the most widely used remailer; sadly, it was shut down recently after being harassed by legal pressure [18]. The disadvantage of a anon.penet.fi style (type 0) remailer is that it provides rather weak security. Users must trust it not to reveal their identity when they send email through it. Worse still, pseudonymous users must rely on the confidentiality of the secret identity tabletheir anonymity would be compromised if it were disclosed, subpoenaed, or boughtand they must rely on the security of the anon.penet.fi site to resist intruders who would steal the identity table. Furthermore, more powerful attackers who could eavesdrop on Internet traffic traversing the anon.penet.fi site could match up incoming and outgoing messages to learn the identity of the nyms. Cypherpunk-style (type I) remailers were designed to address these types of threats. First of all, support for pseudonyms is dropped; no secret identity table is maintained, and remailer operators take great care to avoid keeping mail logs that might identify their users. This diminishes the risk of after-the-fact tracing. Second, type I remailers will accept encrypted email, decrypt it, and remail the resulting message. (This prevents the simple eavesdropping attack where the adversary matches up incoming and outgoing messages.) Third, they take advantage of chaining to achieve more robust security. Chaining is simply the technique of sending a message through several anonymous remailers, so that the second remailer sees only the address of the first remailer and not the address of the originator, etc. Typically one combines chaining with encryption: the originator encrypts repeatedly, nesting once for each remailer in the chain; the advantage is that every remailer in a chain must be compromised before a chained message can be traced back to its sender. This allows us to take advantage of a distributed collection of remailers; diversity gives one a better assurance that at least some of the remailers are trustworthy, and chaining ensures that one honest remailer (even if we dont know which it is) is all we need. Type I remailers can also randomly reorder outgoing messages to prevent correlations of ciphertexts by an eavesdropper. In short, type I remailers offer greatly improved security over type 0, though they do have some limitations which we will discuss next. Present The newest and most sophisticated remailer technology is the Mixmaster, or type II, remailer [7, 11]. They extend the techniques used in a type I remailer to provide enhanced protection against eavesdropping attacks. First, one always uses chaining and encryption at each link of the chain. Second, type II remailers use constant-length messages, to prevent passive correlation attacks where the eavesdropper matches up incoming and outgoing messages by size. Third, type II remailers include defenses against sophisticated replay attacks. Finally, these remailers offer improved message reordering code to stop passive correlation attacks based on timing coincidences. Because their security against eavesdropping relies on safety in numbers (where the target message cannot be distinguished from any of the other messages in the remailer net), the architecture also calls for continuously-generated random cover traffic to hide the real messages among the random noise. Another new technology is that of the newnym-style nymservers. These nymservers are essentially a melding of the recipient anonymity features of a anon.penet.fi style remailer with the chaining, encryption, and other security features of a cypherpunk-style remailer: a user obtains a pseudonym (e.g. joeblow@nym.alias.net) from a nymserver; mail to that pseudonym will be delivered to him. However, unlike anon.penet.fi, where the nymserver operator maintained a list matching pseudonyms to real email addresses, newnym-style nymservers only match pseudonyms to reply blocks: the nymserver operator does not have the real email address of the user, but rather the address of some type I remailer, and an encrypted block of data which it sends to that remailer. When decrypted, that block contains the address of a second remailer, and more encrypted data, etc. Eventually, when some remailer decrypts the block it receives, it gets the real email address of the user. The effect is that all of the remailers mentioned in the reply block would have to collude or be compromised in order to determine the email address associated with a newnym-style pseudonym. Another simple technique for recipient anonymity uses message pools. Senders encrypt their message with the recipients public key and send the encrypted message to a mailing list or newsgroup (such as alt.anonymous.messages, set up specifically for this purpose) that receives a great deal of other traffic. The recipient is identified only as Research Papers on Privacy on the Internet for IT MajorsUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on Children

Narcissistic society Essay Example

Narcissistic society Essay Example Narcissistic society Paper Narcissistic society Paper Probably most of the people know the myth of Narcissus and about the dangers of falling in love with you. Narcissism commonly is used as a synonym of egotisms and excessive self-importance. In physiological terms egotism and narcissism can be different things, and narcissism springs from an opposite relationship with the self: not self-involvement, but disconnection with oneself. In other words, the key to understand the myth of Narcissus is not that he fell in love him himself, but that he failed to recognize himself in his own reflection. The world of a narcissist is a mirror; he/she spends the life trying to reach the ideal-self, the beautiful image that hides the true feelings of loneliness and internal emptiness. The modern narcissist seeks those reflections in television, Internet, magazines etc. Television and some of the reality shows give an image of idyllic participant, beautiful, charming, powerful and free to do whatever he/she wants.[5] Nowadays, narcissistic behaviour is so obvious that we see it everywhere in our culture. It is even alarming that we live in an age where narcissistic behaviour is so evident. Ironically, one of the best ways for a narcissist to show himself/herself at the moment is reality TV and we (society) initially like narcissists more because of their exploitative behaviour. Reality shows are perfect for them, because of their arrogant behaviour, self-confident and showy personalities. In 2000 the reality programming shows exploded and many TV channels as well as mainstream networks created a shows like Big Brother, The Simple Life, Survivor and much more. There are many other different types of shows and mostly all of them share one characteristic: they exploit narcissistic behaviour for dramatic effect.[6] In a competition type of shows like The X Factor, American Idol, Hell’s Kitchen, The Apprentice, Top Model, etc. the participants do everything for supremacy and financial awards. It is debatable if their talent has much to do with their win, but it is certain that they get a reward for being ruthless, exploitative, authoritarian, and self-sufficient. It is almost impossible to imagine anyone without a heavy reserve of narcissism carrying on after a dressing-down from one of his or her acerbic judges.[7] Show like Top Model focus on body image, following the contestants as they struggle over and over with their weight and appearance. Since of so much â€Å"stress† the participants usually give the audience bad behaviour, when they break down or on the contrary scheme conspire to grab every advantage of it. It is known that almost none of the scenes of the show are filmed when nothing is happening; the camera usually appears when there is a drama. These shows invite the audience to indulge it’s own narcissistic feelings of superiority, whether by jeering at the TV screen or by posting a commentary on the shows’ websites[8]. Dating competition shows like The Bachelor or Joe Millionaire combine all of the previous shows qualities with more emphasis of duplicity. The prize of this show is a Man, who is known to be very attractive, fascinating, and sometimes even vulnerable. On the television those types of figures become idealized even if in real life they are unsuccessful or egotistical, in other words full of narcissistic characteristics. The shows like The Simple Life, Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica or Hogan Knows Best invite the audience to enter and to understand every day life of celebrities. The aim of these shows is to display celebrities being themselves, in other words, to document how narcissistic personalities cope with every day life. The viewers become grateful and don’t even pay the attention what is really happening in the show, because the â€Å"IT† celebrity gave an opportunity and flattered the viewers by letting them into their world. The biggest problem with this type of show is that the young viewers get confused with what is normal and what is not. In one of the episodes in the show Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica, Jessica asked a question: â€Å"Is this chicken what I have or is it fish? I know its tuna, but why than it says chicken? (Chicken of The Sea is a brand)†[9]. The episode and the question received hundreds of comments, public and media attention, not because it was an unintelligent question, but because the audience felt a connection with the protagonist. Since it received so many feedback Jessica made a public statement saying that she’s just a normal human who sometimes makes mistakes. The audience â€Å"went wild† because they felt that she’s just like them and by that time it didn’t matter that she is multimillionaire recording artist. According to that, the message that is told to the society seems to be one: don’t be ashamed of you are. The phrase that always is an answer to all misunderstandings. Most of the narcissistic qualities: extreme arrogance, sense of specialness, vanity, jealousy, and entitlement, appear in â€Å"diva shows† like My Super Sweet 16, Kimora: Life in the Fab Lane and Keeping Up with the Kardashians. The shows about the celebrities (who in reality are known for being famous just for being famous) let and show all the viewers, who ever dreamed of fame or wealth that it could be theirs simply by demanding it[10]. The participants are known as narcissists, which just let the viewers to become ones as well. The people who succeed on these shows appear to have little knowledge of education or hard work. Instead, they manipulate, act out while living their known fabulous lives.  The show Dr. 90210, The Swan or I Want a Famous Face, glorify the â€Å"improvement† of the body, by any means necessary. These shows might motivate some viewers to make some positive changes in their lives but in general it glories the narcissistic view of body image. However, all of these shows have one function, to entertain. Entertainment programs occupy a bigger part of our daily life, while reducing the attention that we give to news programs or documentaries. There is a greater tendency to choose this new type of television genre, because of its required minimum interpretation, appealing messages and easy understanding. The influence of these shows is massive and it is alarming because it makes narcissism seem completely normal. This narcissism bug has bitten young people, who live in this narcissistic society, and when asked what are your goals in life they answered: â€Å"becoming famous†.  Every man, however hopeless his pretensions may appear, has some project by which he hopes to rise to reputation; some art by which he imagines that the attention of the world will be attracted; some quality, good or bad, which discriminates him from the common herd of mortals, and by which others may be persuaded to love, or compelled to fear him.[11]